Á¦ 97 Æí
È÷ºê¸®ÀÎ »çÀÌ¿¡¼
ÁøÈµÈ Çϳª´Ô °³³ä
97:0.1 (1062.1) È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ¿µÀû ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº ±×µé ÀÌÀü¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¾Æ¹«µµ ¼º°øÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Â ÀÏ¡ª¿ÀÁ÷
öÇÐÀÚ¸¸ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Ãß»óÀû ½Å °ü³äÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾Ê°í¼, ±×µéÀÇ Çϳª´Ô °³³ä¿¡¼ »ç¶÷ ¸ð½À ¹þ±â´Â ÀÏ¡ªÀ»
Çس´Ù. ¼¹ÎµéÁ¶Â÷ ¼º¼÷ÇÑ ¾ß¿þ °³³äÀ» °³ÀÎÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö´Â ¾Æ´Ï¶óµµ, Àû¾îµµ Á¾Á·ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö·Î ¿©±æ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
97:0.2 (1062.2) ¸á±â¼¼µ¦ ½ÃÀý¿¡ »ç¶÷µéÀº »ì·½¿¡¼ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¼º°Ý °³³äÀ» ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô °¡¸£Ä§ ¹Þ¾ÒÁö¸¸,
±× °³³äÀº ¿¡ÁýÆ®¿¡¼ Å»ÁÖÇÏ´ø ½ÃÀý¿¡ È帴ÇÏ°í ¾È°³ °°¾Ò°í, ¿µÀû ÁöµµÀÚµéÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© ´ë´ë·Î È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ
¸Ó¸® ¼Ó¿¡¼ °Ü¿ì Â÷ÃûÂ÷Ãû ¹ß´ÞÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾ß¿þÀÇ ¼º°Ý °³³äÀº ½ÅÀÇ ¿©·¯ ´Ù¸¥ ¼Ó¼ºº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ¿¬¼ÓµÈ Á¡ÁøÀû
¹ß´ÞÀ̾ú´Ù. ¸ð¼¼·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸»¶ó±â¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö, È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ¸Ó¸® ¼Ó¿¡¼ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¼º°Ý¿¡ °üÇÑ °³³äÀº °ÅÀÇ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ
¼ºÀåÇÏ¿´°í, Çϴÿ¡ °è½Å ¾Æ¹öÁö¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ±Ã±Ø¿¡ ÀÌ °³³äÀ» ³ô°í ¿µÈ·Ó°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù.
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Paper 97
Evolution of the God Concept
Among the Hebrews
97:0.1 The spiritual leaders of the Hebrews did what no others
before them had ever succeeded in doing-they deanthropomorphized
their God concept without converting it into an abstraction
of Deity comprehensible only to philosophers. Even common people
were able to regard the matured concept of Yahweh as a Father,
if not of the individual, at least of the race.
97:0.2 The concept of the personality of God, while clearly
taught at Salem in the days of Melchizedek, was vague and hazy
at the time of the flight from Egypt and only gradually evolved
in the Hebraic mind from generation to generation in response
to the teaching of the spiritual leaders. The perception of
Yahweh's personality was much more continuous in its progressive
evolution than was that of many other of the Deity attributes.
From Moses to Malachi there occurred an almost unbroken ideational
growth of the personality of God in the Hebrew mind, and this
concept was eventually heightened and glorified by the teachings
of Jesus about the Father in heaven.
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1.
»ç¹«¿¤¡ªÃ³À½ È÷ºê¸® ¼±ÁöÀÚ
97:1.1 (1062.3) ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸Àο¡¼ µÑ·¯½Ñ ¹ÎÁ·µéÀÇ Àû´ëÇÏ´Â ¾Ð·ÂÀº,
°ð È÷ºê¸®ÀÎ Á·Àåµé¿¡°Ô ºÎÁ· Á¶Á÷À» Áß¾Ó Áý±ÇÀû Á¤ºÎ·Î ¿¬ÇÕÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é »ì¾Æ³²±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ö ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù.
ÇàÁ¤ ±ÇÇÑÀÌ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÁýÁßµÈ °ÍÀº »ç¹«¿¤ÀÌ ¼±»ýÀÌÀÚ °³ÇõÀڷμ È°µ¿ÇÏ´Â ÈξÀ ÁÁÀº ±âȸ¸¦ ¸¶·ÃÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
97:1.2 (1062.4) »ç¹«¿¤Àº ¸á±â¼¼µ¦ÀÇ Áø¸®¸¦ ¿¹¹è ÇüÅÂÀÇ ÀϺηΠÁö¼Ó½ÃÄ×´ø »ì·½ ¼±»ýµéÀÇ ±ä Ç÷Åë¿¡¼
¼Ú¾Æ³ª¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ ¼±»ýÀº ¾¿¾¿ÇÏ°í °áÀÇ°¡ ±»Àº »ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù. ¸ð¼¼ ½ÃÀý¿¡ ¹Ï¾ú´ø ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¾ß¿þ¸¦ ¿¹¹èÇϵµ·Ï ±×°¡
¿Â À̽º¶ó¿¤À» µ¹ÀÌÅ°±â ½ÃÀÛÇßÀ» ¶§ ±×´Â °ÅÀÇ º¸ÆíÀû ¹Ý´ë¿¡ ºÎµúÃÆ°í, Ưº°ÇÑ °¢¿À¿Í ÇÔ²², ¿ÀÁ÷ Å©°Ô Çå½ÅÇÏ´Â
¸¶À½ÀÌ ±×·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀÌ ¹Ý´ë¸¦ °ßµô ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô Çß´Ù. ±×¶§¿¡µµ ±×´Â °Ü¿ì ¾ó¸¶Å ¼º°øÇß´Ù. È÷ºê¸®ÀÎ Áß¿¡¼ Àý¹ÝÀÎ
Áö½ÄÃþ¸¸ »ó±Þ ¾ß¿þ °³³äÀ» ¼¶±âµµ·Ï ¼³µæÇßÀ¸¸ç, ³ª¸ÓÁö ¹ÝÀº ±× ³ª¶óÀÇ ºÎÁ· ½ÅµéÀ» ¼þ¹èÇÏ°í ¿µîÇÑ ¾ß¿þ °³³äÀ»
°è¼Ó °£Á÷ÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
97:1.3 (1062.5) »ç¹«¿¤Àº ÀÏÀ» Èĵü ÇØÄ¡¿ì´Â ºÎ·ùÀÇ »ç¶÷À̾ú°í, ÇÏ·ç¿¡ µ¿·áµé°ú ÇÔ²² ³ª°¡¼ ¹Ù¾Ë
Àå¼Ò¸¦ ½º¹°À̳ª µÚ¾þÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½Ç¿ëÀû °³ÇõÀÚ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ¼øÀüÇÑ °¿äÀÇ ÈûÀ¸·Î ÁøÀüÀ» º¸¾Ò´Ù. ¸»·Î ¼³±³ÇÏ´Â
ÀÏÀº °ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾ú°í, °¡¸£Ä¡´Â ÀûÀº ´õ¿í Àû¾úÁö¸¸, ±×´Â ÇൿÀ¸·Î ¿Å°å´Ù. ÇÏ·ç´Â ¹Ù¾Ë »çÁ¦¸¦ Á¶·ÕÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú°í,
´ÙÀ½ ³¯Àº »ç·ÎÀâÈù ÀÓ±ÝÀ» Âï¾î Á׿´´Ù. ±×´Â ¿½ÉÈ÷ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Çϳª´ÔÀ» ¹Ï¾ú°í, ±× À¯ÀÏÇÑ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ Çϴðú ¶¥À»
ÁöÀ¸½Å ºÐÀ̶ó´Â ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ °³³äÀ» °¡Á³´Ù: ¡°Áö±¸ÀÇ ¿©·¯ ±âµÕÀº ÁÖÀÇ °ÍÀÌ¿ä, ±× À§¿¡ ÁÖ°¡ ¼¼»óÀ» µÎ¼Ìµµ´Ù.¡±[1]
97:1.4 (1063.1) ±×·¯³ª »ç¹«¿¤ÀÌ ½Å °³³äÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡ Å©°Ô À̹ÙÁöÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾ß¿þ°¡ º¯ÇÔÀÌ ¾ø´Ù, ¾î±è¾øÀÌ
¿ÏÀüÇÏ°í ½Å¼ºÇÔÀ» ¾ðÁ¦±îÁö³ª ¶È°°ÀÌ ±¸ÇöÇÑ´Ù´Â ¿ì··Âù ¼±¾ðÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½ÃÀý¿¡ ¾ß¿þ´Â ±×°¡ ÀÌ·¯Àú·¯ÇÏ°Ô ÇàÇÑ
°ÍÀ» ¾ðÁ¦³ª ´µ¿ìÄ¡°í, ÁúÅõ·Î ¸¶À½ÀÌ º¯ÇÏ´Â, º¯´ö½º·¯¿î Çϳª´ÔÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌÁ¦, È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÌ ¿¡ÁýÆ®¸¦
¶ÙÃijª¿Â µÚ¿¡ óÀ½À¸·Î, ±×µéÀº ÀÌ·± ±ô¦ ³î¶ö ¸»¾¸À» µé¾ú´Ù, ¡°À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ ÈûÀº °ÅÁþ¸»Çϰųª ´µ¿ìÄ¡Áö ¾Æ´ÏÇϸ®´Ï,
±×°¡ »ç¶÷ó·³ ´µ¿ìÄ¡Áö ¾ÊÀ½À̶ó.¡± ½Å°ú °¡Áö´Â °Å·¡´Â º¯Ä¡ ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ¿ÜÃÆ´Ù. »ç¹«¿¤Àº ¸á±â¼¼µ¦ÀÌ ¾Æºê¶óÇÔ°ú
¸ÎÀº ¾à¼ÓÀ» µÇÇ®ÀÌÇß°í, À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ ÁÖ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ¸ðµç Áø¸®¤ý¾ÈÁ¤¤ýºÒº¯ÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀ̶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù. È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª
±×µéÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀ» »ç¶÷À¸·Î, ÃÊÀΰ£À¸·Î, ±â¿øÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Â ³ôÀº ¿µÀ¸·Î ¹Ù¶óº¸¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌÁ¦ ±×µéÀÌ µè°Ç´ë,
¿¾³¯¿¡ È£·¾ »êÀÇ ½ÅÀº âÁ¶ÀÚÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÔÀ» °®Ãá, º¯Ä¡¾Ê´Â Çϳª´ÔÀ¸·Î ³ôÀÌ ¿Ã·ÁÁ³´Ù. »ç¹«¿¤Àº ÁøÈÇÏ´Â Çϳª´Ô
°³³äÀÌ º¯´ö½º·¯¿î »ç¶÷ÀÇ »ý°¢°ú ÇÊ»ç Á¸ÀçÀÇ ºÎħº¸´Ù ³ôÀº °÷À¸·Î ¿Ã¶ó°¡µµ·Ï µ½°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¹Þ°í¼
È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀº ºÎÁ·½Å ¼¿ÀÇ °ü³ä¿¡¼ Àü´ÉÇÏ°í º¯ÇÔ¾ø´Â âÁ¶ÀÚ¿ä ¸ðµç âÁ¶ÀÇ °¨µ¶ÀÚ¶ó´Â ÀÌ»óÀÇ ³ôÀ̱îÁö
ºñ·Î¼Ò ¿Ã¶ó°¡°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
97:1.5 (1063.2) ±×´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ¼º½ÇÇϸç, °è¾àÀ» Áöų ¸¸Å ¹ÏÀ» ¸¸ÇÏ´Ù´Â À̾߱⸦ »õ·Ó°Ô ÀüÆÄÇß´Ù.
»ç¹«¿¤Àº ¸»Çß´Ù: ¡°ÁÖ´Â ±×ÀÇ ¹é¼ºÀ» ¹ö¸®Áö ¾Æ´ÏÇϸ®¶ó.¡± ¡°±×´Â ¿ì¸®¿Í ¿µ±¸ÇÑ ¾à¼ÓÀ» Çϼ̰í, ÀÌ ¾à¼ÓÀº
¸ðµç ¸é¿¡ ü°è ÀÖ°í È®½ÇÇϴ϶ó.¡± ±×·¡¼ ¿Â ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸Àο¡ µÎ·ç, ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¾ß¿þ¸¦ ¼¶±â·¯ µ¹¾Æ¿À¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ¼Ò¸®°¡
µé·È´Ù. È°±â¿¡ ³ÑÄ£ ÀÌ ¼±»ýÀº ´Ã ¿ÜÃÆ´Ù. ¡°¾Æ ÁÖ Çϳª´Ô, ÁÖ´Â À§´ëÇϽôÏ, ÁÖ¿Í °°Àº ÀÌ°¡ Çϳªµµ ¾ø°í,
ÁÖ ¿Ü¿¡ ¾î¶² ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Ôµµ ¾øÀ½ÀÌ´ÏÀÌ´Ù.¡±
97:1.6 (1063.3) ±×¶§±îÁö È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀº ¾ß¿þÀÇ ÀºÃÑÀ» ÁÖ·Î ¹°ÁúÀû ¹ø¿µ ¸é¿¡¼ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô °¨È÷
¼±Æ÷ÇßÀ» ¶§, ÀÌ´Â À̽º¶ó¿¤¿¡°Ô Å« Ãæ°ÝÀ̾ú°í, »ç¹«¿¤Àº ¸ñ¼ûÀ» °ÅÀÇ ÀÒÀ» »·ÇÏ¿´´Ù: ¡°ÁÖ´Â »ç¶÷À» ºÎÇÏ°Ôµµ
¸¸µé°í °¡³ÇÏ°Ôµµ ¸¸µå½Ã¸ç, ³·Ã߱⵵ ÇÏ°í ³ôÀ̱⵵ ÇϽô϶ó. ±×´Â Ƽ²ø ¼Ó¿¡¼ °¡³ÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ ³ôÀ̽ðí, °ÅÁöµéÀ»
µé¾î¿Ã¸®»ç ¿µ±¤ÀÇ º¸Á¸¦ ¹°·Á¹Þ°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í ±ºÁÖµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀúÈñ¸¦ ¼¼¿ì½Ã´À´Ï¶ó.¡± ¸ð¼¼ ÀÌÈÄ·Î, °â¼ÕÇÑ ÀÚ¿Í º¹À»
Àû°Ô ¹ÞÀº ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ±×·¸°Ô ¸¶À½À» À§·ÎÇÏ´Â ¾à¼ÓÀÌ ¼±Æ÷µÈ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú°í, °¡³ÇÑ ÀÚµé ¼Ó¿¡¼ Àý¸ÁÇÏ´ø ¼ö¸¹Àº »ç¶÷ÀÌ
¿µÀû ÁöÀ§¸¦ °³¼±ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Èñ¸ÁÀ» ºñ·Î¼Ò °¡Áö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
97:1.7 (1063.4) ±×·¯³ª »ç¹«¿¤Àº ºÎÁ· ½Å °³³äÀ» ³Ñ¾î¼ ±×´ÙÁö ¸Ö¸® ³ª¾Æ°¡Áö ¸øÇß´Ù. ¾ß¿þ°¡ ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷À» ¸¸µé¾úÁö¸¸, ÁÖ·Î È÷ºê¸®ÀÎ, ±×°¡ ÅÃÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ÀÏ¿¡ ºÐÁÖÇÏ´Ù°í ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¸±â´Â Çصµ, ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ ½ÃÀýó·³,
´Ù½Ã ÇÑ ¹ø Çϳª´Ô °³³äÀº °Å·èÇÏ°í ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ½ÅÀ» ¹¦»çÇß´Ù. ¡°ÁÖó·³ °Å·èÇÑ ÀÚ°¡ Çϳªµµ ¾ø´À´Ï¶ó. ´©°¡ ÀÌ
°Å·èÇÑ ÁÖ Çϳª´Ô°ú ºñ±³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´À³Ä?¡±
97:1.8 (1063.5) ¼¼¿ùÀÌ Áö³ª°¡ÀÚ, ¸Ó¸®°¡ Èñ²ýÈñ²ýÇØÁø ³ªÀÌ µç ÁöµµÀÚ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â µ¥ Áøº¸ÇßÀ¸´Ï,
ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¿ÜÃƱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù: ¡°ÁÖ´Â Áö½ÄÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ¿ä, ÇൿÀ» Àú¿ï·Î Àç´À´Ï¶ó. ÁÖ´Â ¶¥ ³¡±îÁö ½ÉÆÇÇÒ °ÍÀÌ¿ä,
ÀÚºñ·Î¿î ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀÚºñ¸¦ º¸À̸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ °ðÀº »ç¶÷À» ¹Ù¸£°Ô ´ëÇϸ®¶ó.¡± ÀÚºñ·Î¿î ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ±¹ÇѵÇÁö¸¸, ¿©±â¼µµ
ÀÚºñÀÇ ºûÀÌ ¹à¾Æ¿Â´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡ ±×µéÀÌ °ï°æ¿¡ ºüÁ®¼, ±×ÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·¿¡°Ô ÀÌ·¸°Ô ŸÀÏ·¶À» ¶§ ±×´Â ÇÑ °ÉÀ½ ´õ ³ª¾Æ°¬´Ù:
¡°ÀÌÁ¦ ÁÖÀÇ ¼Õ¾Æ±Í¿¡ ºüÁöÀÚ, ±×ÀÇ ÀÚºñ°¡ Å©½ÉÀ̶ó.¡± ¡°»ç¶÷À» ¸¹ÀÌ ±¸Çϵç Àû°Ô ±¸Çϵç, ÁÖ¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¹« Á¦ÇÑÀÌ
¾ø´À´Ï¶ó.¡±
97:1.9 (1063.6) ¾ß¿þ ¼ºÇ° °³³äÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¡ÁøÀû ¹ßÀüÀº »ç¹«¿¤ÀÇ ÈÄ°èÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÏÇßÀ» ¶§¿¡µµ °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù.
¾ß¿þ°¡ ¾à¼ÓÀ» ÁöÅ°´Â Çϳª´ÔÀ̶ó Á¦½ÃÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö½èÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀº »ç¹«¿¤ÀÇ °ÉÀ½°ú µµÀúÈ÷ ¹ßÀ» ¸ÂÃßÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº
»ç¹«¿¤ÀÌ ³ªÁß¿¡ ÆľÇÇß´ø °Íó·³ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ÀÚºñ·Ó´Ù´Â °³³äÀ» °³¹ßÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ¾ß¿þ°¡ ´©±¸º¸´Ùµµ ³ô´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϸ鼵µ,
´Ù¸¥ ½ÅµéÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ²ÙÁØÈ÷, µÇµ¹¾Æ°¡´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¡°¾Æ ÁÖ¿©, ³ª¶ó´Â ÁÖÀÇ °ÍÀÌ´ÏÀÌ´Ù. ÁÖ´Â
¸¸¹° À§¿¡ ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®·Î¼ ³ôÀÌ °è½Ã³ªÀÌ´Ù.¡±
97:1.10 (1064.1) ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ±âº» »ý°¢Àº ½ÅÀÇ ±Ç´ÉÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¼±ÁöÀÚµéÀº È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ¿ÕÁ¿¡
¾ÉÀ» ÀÓ±ÝÀ» ±â¸£µµ·Ï °í¾ÈµÈ Á¾±³¸¦ ¼³ÆÄÇß´Ù. ¡°¾Æ ÁÖ¿©, À§´ëÇÔ¤ý±Ç´É¤ý¿µ±¤¤ý½Â¸®¤ý¿õ´ëÇÔÀÌ ÁÖ²² ¼ÓÇϳªÀÌ´Ù.
ÁÖÀÇ ¼Õ ¾È¿¡ ±Ç´É°ú ÈûÀÌ ÀÖ°í, ÁÖ´Â ¸¸ÀÎÀ» À§´ëÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé°í ÈûÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ³ªÀÌ´Ù.¡± ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ »ç¹«¿¤°ú ±×
Á÷°è ÈÄ°èÀÚµéÀÌ »ì´ø ½ÃÀý¿¡ Çϳª´Ô °³³äÀÇ ÇüÆíÀ̾ú´Ù.
°¢ÁÖ[1] 97:1.3 »ç¹«¿¤»ó 2Àå 8Àý. ¿©·¯ ±âµÕÀÌ
Áö±¸¸¦ ¹öƾ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´ø µí.
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1. Samuel¡ªFirst
of the Hebrew Prophets
97:1.1 Hostile pressure of the surrounding
peoples in Palestine soon taught the Hebrew sheiks they could
not hope to survive unless they confederated their tribal organizations
into a centralized government. And this centralization of administrative
authority afforded a better opportunity for Samuel to function
as a teacher and reformer.
97:1.2 Samuel sprang from a long line of the Salem teachers
who had persisted in maintaining the truths of Melchizedek as
a part of their worship forms. This teacher was a virile and
resolute man. Only his great devotion, coupled with his extraordinary
determination, enabled him to withstand the almost universal
opposition which he encountered when he started out to turn
all Israel back to the worship of the supreme Yahweh of Mosaic
times. And even then he was only partially successful; he won
back to the service of the higher concept of Yahweh only the
more intelligent half of the Hebrews; the other half continued
in the worship of the tribal gods of the country and in the
baser conception of Yahweh.
97:1.3 Samuel was a rough-and-ready type of man, a practical
reformer who could go out in one day with his associates and
overthrow a score of Baal sites. The progress he made was by
sheer force of compulsion; he did little preaching, less teaching,
but he did act. One day he was mocking the priest of Baal; the
next, chopping in pieces a captive king. He devotedly believed
in the one God, and he had a clear concept of that one God as
creator of heaven and earth: "The pillars of the earth
are the Lord's, and he has set the world upon them."
97:1.4 But the great contribution which Samuel made to the development
of the concept of Deity was his ringing pronouncement that Yahweh
was changeless, forever the same embodiment of unerring perfection
and divinity. In these times Yahweh was conceived to be a fitful
God of jealous whims, always regretting that he had done thus
and so; but now, for the first time since the Hebrews sallied
forth from Egypt, they heard these startling words, "The
Strength of Israel will not lie nor repent, for he is not a
man, that he should repent." Stability in dealing with
Divinity was proclaimed. Samuel reiterated the Melchizedek covenant
with Abraham and declared that the Lord God of Israel was the
source of all truth, stability, and constancy. Always had the
Hebrews looked upon their God as a man, a superman, an exalted
spirit of unknown origin; but now they heard the onetime spirit
of Horeb exalted as an unchanging God of creator perfection.
Samuel was aiding the evolving God concept to ascend to heights
above the changing state of men's minds and the vicissitudes
of mortal existence. Under his teaching, the God of the Hebrews
was beginning the ascent from an idea on the order of the tribal
gods to the ideal of an all-powerful and changeless Creator
and Supervisor of all creation.
97:1.5 And he preached anew the story of God's sincerity, his
covenant-keeping reliability. Said Samuel: "The Lord will
not forsake his people." "He has made with us an everlasting
covenant, ordered in all things and sure." And so, throughout
all Palestine there sounded the call back to the worship of
the supreme Yahweh. Ever this energetic teacher proclaimed,
"You are great, O Lord God, for there is none like you,
neither is there any God beside you."
97:1.6 Theretofore the Hebrews had regarded the favor of Yahweh
mainly in terms of material prosperity. It was a great shock
to Israel, and almost cost Samuel his life, when he dared to
proclaim: "The Lord enriches and impoverishes; he debases
and exalts. He raises the poor out of the dust and lifts up
the beggars to set them among princes to make them inherit the
throne of glory." Not since Moses had such comforting promises
for the humble and the less fortunate been proclaimed, and thousands
of despairing among the poor began to take hope that they could
improve their spiritual status.
97:1.7 But Samuel did not progress very far beyond the concept
of a tribal god. He proclaimed a Yahweh who made all men but
was occupied chiefly with the Hebrews, his chosen people. Even
so, as in the days of Moses, once more the God concept portrayed
a Deity who is holy and upright. "There is none as holy
as the Lord. Who can be compared to this holy Lord God?"
97:1.8 As the years passed, the grizzled old leader progressed
in the understanding of God, for he declared: "The Lord
is a God of knowledge, and actions are weighed by him. The Lord
will judge the ends of the earth, showing mercy to the merciful,
and with the upright man he will also be upright." Even
here is the dawn of mercy, albeit it is limited to those who
are merciful. Later he went one step further when, in their
adversity, he exhorted his people: "Let us fall now into
the hands of the Lord, for his mercies are great." "There
is no restraint upon the Lord to save many or few."
97:1.9 And this gradual development of the concept of the character
of Yahweh continued under the ministry of Samuel's successors.
They attempted to present Yahweh as a covenant-keeping God but
hardly maintained the pace set by Samuel; they failed to develop
the idea of the mercy of God as Samuel had later conceived it.
There was a steady drift back toward the recognition of other
gods, despite the maintenance that Yahweh was above all. "Yours
is the kingdom, O Lord, and you are exalted as head above all."
97:1.10 The keynote of this era was divine power; the prophets
of this age preached a religion designed to foster the king
upon the Hebrew throne. "Yours, O Lord, is the greatness
and the power and the glory and the victory and the majesty.
In your hand is power and might, and you are able to make great
and to give strength to all." And this was the status of
the God concept during the time of Samuel and his immediate
successors.
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2.
¿¤¸®¾ß¿Í ¿¤¸®»ç
97:2.1 (1064.2) ±×¸®½ºµµ ÀÌÀü 10¼¼±â¿¡ È÷ºê¸® ¹ÎÁ·Àº µÎ
¿Õ±¹À¸·Î °¥¶óÁ³´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ Á¤Ä¡ ±¸¿ª¿¡¼ Áø¸®¸¦ °¡¸£Ä¡´Â ¸¹Àº ¼±»ýÀÌ ±í¾îÁø ¿µÀû ÅðÆóÀÇ ¹°°á, ¹ÝÀÛ¿ëÀÇ ¹°°áÀ»
¸·À¸·Á°í ¾Ö½è°í, ÀÌ ¹°°áÀº ºÐ´ÜÇÏ´Â ÀüÀï ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ºñÂüÇÏ°Ô À̾îÁ³´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °áÀÇ°¡ ±»°í ¹«¼¿î ÁÙ ¸ð¸£´Â
Á¤ÀÇÀÇ Åõ»ç(÷ãÞÍ) ¿¤¸®¾ß°¡ °¡¸£Ä§À» ½ÃÀÛÇϱâ±îÁö, È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ Á¾±³¸¦ ÁøÀü½ÃÅ°·Á´Â ÀÌ·± ³ë·ÂÀº ¼º°øÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
¿¤¸®¾ß´Â »ç¹«¿¤ÀÇ ½ÃÀý¿¡ Áö³æ´ø °Í°ú ºñÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ Çϳª´Ô °³³äÀ» ºÏÂÊ ¿Õ±¹¿¡¼ ȸº¹Çß´Ù. ¿¤¸®¾ß´Â Áøº¸µÈ Çϳª´Ô
°³³äÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÒ ±âȸ°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×º¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú ÀÖ´ø »ç¹«¿¤Ã³·³ ±×´Â ºÐÁÖÇØÁ³°í, ¹Ù¾ËÀÇ ¿©·¯ Á¦´ÜÀ» µÚ¾þ°í
°ÅÁþ ½ÅµéÀÇ ¿ì»óÀ» ±ú ¹ö·È´Ù. ¿ì»óÀ» ¼þ¹èÇÏ´Â ±ºÁÖ(ÏÖñ«)ÀÇ ¹Ý´ë¸¦ ¹«¸¨¾²°í °³ÇõÀ» ½ÇÇàÇß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ °úÁ¦´Â
»ç¹«¿¤ÀÌ ºÎ´ÚÃÆ´ø °Íº¸´Ù ´õ¿í °ÅâÇÏ°í ¾î·Á¿ü´Ù.
97:2.2 (1064.3) ¿¤¸®¾ß°¡ ºÎ¸§¹Þ¾Æ ¶°³µÀ» ¶§, Ãæ½ÇÇÑ µ¿·á ¿¤¸®»ç´Â ±×ÀÇ ÀÏÀ» ¶°¸Ã¾Ò°í, °ÅÀÇ
¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº ¹Ì°¡¾ßÀÇ ±ÍÁßÇÑ µµ¿òÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¼, ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸Àο¡¼ Áø¸®ÀÇ ºûÀ» »ì·Á µÎ¾ú´Ù.
97:2.3 (1064.4) ±×·¯³ª À̶§´Â ½ÅÀÇ °³³äÀÌ ÀüÁøÇÏ´ø ½ÃÀýÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀº ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ
ÀÌ»óÀÇ ³ôÀ̱îÁöµµ µµ´ÞÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ¿¤¸®¾ß¿Í ¿¤¸®»çÀÇ ½Ã´ë´Â »ó·ù °èÃþÀÌ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¾ß¿þ ¼þ¹è·Î µ¹¾Æ¿È°ú ÇÔ²²
¸·À» ³»·È°í, »ç¹«¿¤ÀÌ µÎ¾î µÐ ÀÚ¸®Âë±îÁö, ¿ìÁÖÀÇ Ã¢Á¶ÀÚ °ü³äÀÌ È¸º¹µÈ °ÍÀ» ±¸°æÇÏ¿´´Ù.
¡ãTop
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2. Elijah and Elisha
97:2.1 In the tenth century before Christ
the Hebrew nation became divided into two kingdoms. In both
of these political divisions many truth teachers endeavored
to stem the reactionary tide of spiritual decadence that had
set in, and which continued disastrously after the war of separation.
But these efforts to advance the Hebraic religion did not prosper
until that determined and fearless warrior for righteousness,
Elijah, began his teaching. Elijah restored to the northern
kingdom a concept of God comparable with that held in the days
of Samuel. Elijah had little opportunity to present an advanced
concept of God; he was kept busy, as Samuel had been before
him, overthrowing the altars of Baal and demolishing the idols
of false gods. And he carried forward his reforms in the face
of the opposition of an idolatrous monarch; his task was even
more gigantic and difficult than that which Samuel had faced.
97:2.2 When Elijah was called away, Elisha, his faithful associate,
took up his work and, with the invaluable assistance of the
little-known Micaiah, kept the light of truth alive in Palestine.
97:2.3 But these were not times of progress in the concept of
Deity. Not yet had the Hebrews ascended even to the Mosaic ideal.
The era of Elijah and Elisha closed with the better classes
returning to the worship of the supreme Yahweh and witnessed
the restoration of the idea of the Universal Creator to about
that place where Samuel had left it.
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3.
¾ß¿þ¿Í ¹Ù¾Ë
97:3.1 (1064.5) ¾ß¿þ ½ÅÀÚ¿Í ¹Ù¾Ë ÃßÁ¾ÀÚ »çÀÌ¿¡ ¿À·¡ ²ö ³íÀïÀº
Á¾±³ °ü³äÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Â÷¶ó¸® »çȸ¤ý°æÁ¦ À̳äÀÇ Ãæµ¹À̾ú´Ù.
97:3.2 (1064.6) ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎ °ÅÁÖÀÚµéÀº ÅäÁöÀÇ »çÀ¯ Àç»ê±Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ŵµ°¡ ´Þ¶ú´Ù. ³²ÂÊ ºÎÁ·,
°ð ¹æ¶ûÇÏ´Â ¾Æ¶óºñ¾Æ ºÎÁ·µé(¾ß¿þÆÄ)Àº ÅäÁö°¡ ¾Æ¹«µµ »©¾ÑÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±Ç¸®¡ª½ÅÀÌ ¾¾Á·¿¡°Ô ÁÖ´Â ¼±¹°¡ªÀ̶ó°í
º¸¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¶¥À» ÆȰųª Àú´ç ÀâÈú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ¡°¾ß¿þ°¡ ¡®¶¥Àº ³» °ÍÀÌ´Ï ÆÈÁö ¸øÇÒÁö´Ï¶ó¡¯ ¸»¾¸Çϼ̵µ´Ù.¡±
97:3.3 (1064.7) ºÏÂÊ¿¡ Á¤ÂøÇÑ °¡³ª¾È Á·¼Ó(¹Ù¾ËÆÄ)Àº ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ¶¥À» »ç°íÆÈ°í Àú´ç ÀâÇû´Ù. ¹Ù¾ËÀ̶ó´Â
¸»Àº ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ¸¦ ¶æÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ù¾Ë Á¾ÆÄ´Â µÎ °¡Áö ÁÖ¿ä ±³¸®¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÎ¾ú´Ù. ù°´Â Àç»êÀÇ ±³È¯¤ý°è¾à¤ý¾à¼Ó¡ª¶¥À»
»ç°í ÆÄ´Â ±Ç¸®¡ª¸¦ Á¤´çÈÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µÑ°·Î, ¹Ù¾ËÀº ºñ¸¦ º¸³½´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù¡ª±×´Â ¶¥À» ºñ¿ÁÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ½ÅÀ̾ú´Ù.
ÁÁÀº ¼öÈ®À» °ÅµÎ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù¾ËÀÇ ÀºÇý¿¡ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±× Á¾ÆÄ´Â ´ëü·Î ¶¥¤ý¼ÒÀ¯±Ç¤ýºñ¿ÁÇÔ¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Á³´Ù.
97:3.4 (1065.1) ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ù¾ËÆÄ´Â Áý¤ý¶¥¤ý³ë¿¹¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯Çß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±ÍÁ·ÀÎ ÁöÁÖ(ò¢ñ«)¿´°í µµ½Ã¿¡¼
»ì¾Ò´Ù. °¢ ¹Ù¾ËÀº ½Å¼ºÇÑ Àå¼Ò¿Í »çÁ¦, ±×¸®°í ¡°°Å·èÇÑ ¿©ÀÚ,¡± °ð ÀǽĿ¡ ¾²À̴ â³àµéÀ» °Å´À¸®°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
97:3.5 (1065.2) ¶¥À» º¸´Â °üÁ¡ÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±âº»Àû Â÷À̷κÎÅÍ °¡³ª¾ÈÀΰú È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ »çȸ¤ý°æÁ¦¤ýµµ´ö¤ýÁ¾±³Àû
ŵµ¿¡ ¸Í·ÄÇÑ Àû´ë°¨ÀÌ »ý°å´Ù. ÀÌ »çȸ¤ý°æÁ¦Àû ³íÀïÀº ¿¤¸®¾ßÀÇ ½ÃÀý±îÁö ºÐ¸íÇÑ Á¾±³Àû ÀïÁ¡ÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
ÀÌ °ø°ÝÀû ¼±ÁöÀÚÀÇ ½ÃÀýºÎÅÍ, ´õ ¾ö¹ÐÇÏ°Ô Á¾±³Àû ³ë¼±¿¡¼¡ª¾ß¿þ ´ë ¹Ù¾Ë¡ª³íÀïÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¾ß¿þÀÇ ½Â¸®¿Í
±× µÚ¿¡ ÀϽű³¸¦ ÇâÇÑ ¿îµ¿À¸·Î ³¡³µ´Ù.
97:3.6 (1065.3) ¿¤¸®¾ß´Â ¾ß¿þ¿Í ¹Ù¾ËÀÇ ³íÀïÀ» ÅäÁö ¹®Á¦·ÎºÎÅÍ È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ À̳ä°ú °¡³ª¾ÈÀÎÀÇ À̳äÀÇ
Á¾±³Àû Ãø¸éÀ¸·Î ¿Å°å´Ù. ¾ÆÇÕÀÌ ³ªº¿ ÀÏ°¡ÀÇ ¶¥À» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ·Á´Â À½¸ð¸¦ ²Ù¸ç ±×µéÀ» Á׿´À» ¶§, ¿¤¸®¾ß´Â ¿¾ ÅäÁö
°ü½ÀÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µµ´öÀû ÀïÁ¡À» ¸¸µé¾ú°í, ¹Ù¾ËÆÄ¿¡ ¸Â¼¼ ÈûÂù ÅõÀïÀ» ¹ú¿´´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ µµ½ÃÀÇ Áö¹è¿¡ ¸Â¼¼
½Ã°ñ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹úÀÎ ½Î¿òÀ̾ú´Ù. ÁÖ·Î ¿¤¸®¾ß ¹Ø¿¡¼ ¾ß¿þ´Â ¿¤·ÎÈûÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× ¼±ÁöÀÚ´Â ÅäÁö °³ÇõÀڷμ ½ÃÀÛÇß°í,
½ÅÀ» ³ôÀÓÀ¸·Î ³¡À» ¸Î¾ú´Ù. ¹Ù¾Ë ½ÅÀº ¿©·µÀ̾ú°í, ¾ß¿þ´Â Çϳª¿´´Ù¡ªÀϽű³°¡ ´Ù½Å±³¸¦ ¹°¸®ÃÆ´Ù.
¡ãTop
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3. Yahweh and Baal
97:3.1 The long-drawn-out controversy between
the believers in Yahweh and the followers of Baal was a socioeconomic
clash of ideologies rather than a difference in religious beliefs.
97:3.2 The inhabitants of Palestine differed in their attitude
toward private ownership of land. The southern or wandering
Arabian tribes (the Yahwehites) looked upon land as an inalienable¡ªas
a gift of Deity to the clan. They held that land could not be
sold or mortgaged. "Yahweh spoke, saying, `The land shall
not be sold, for the land is mine.'"
97:3.3 The northern and more settled Canaanites (the Baalites)
freely bought, sold, and mortgaged their lands. The word Baal
means owner. The Baal cult was founded on two major doctrines:
First, the validation of property exchange, contracts, and covenants-the
right to buy and sell land. Second, Baal was supposed to send
rain¡ªhe was a god of fertility of the soil. Good crops depended
on the favor of Baal. The cult was largely concerned with land,
its ownership and fertility.
97:3.4 In general, the Baalites owned houses, lands, and slaves.
They were the aristocratic landlords and lived in the cities.
Each Baal had a sacred place, a priesthood, and the " holy
women, " the ritual prostitutes.
97:3.5 Out of this basic difference in the regard for land,
there evolved the bitter antagonisms of social, economic, moral,
and religious attitudes exhibited by the Canaanites and the
Hebrews. This socioeconomic controversy did not become a definite
religious issue until the times of Elijah. From the days of
this aggressive prophet the issue was fought out on more strictly
religious lines-Yahweh vs. Baal-and it ended in the triumph
of Yahweh and the subsequent drive toward monotheism.
97:3.6 Elijah shifted the Yahweh-Baal controversy from the land
issue to the religious aspect of Hebrew and Canaanite ideologies.
When Ahab murdered the Naboths in the intrigue to get possession
of their land, Elijah made a moral issue out of the olden land
mores and launched his vigorous campaign against the Baalites.
This was also a fight of the country folk against domination
by the cities. It was chiefly under Elijah that Yahweh became
Elohim. The prophet began as an agrarian reformer and ended
up by exalting Deity. Baals were many, Yahweh was one-monotheism
won over polytheism.
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4.
¾Æ¸ð½º¿Í È£¼¼¾Æ
97:4.1 (1065.4) ºÎÁ· ½Å¡ªÈñ»ý¹°°ú ¿¹½ÄÀ¸·Î ¾ÆÁÖ ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¼¶±èÀ»
¹Þ´ø ½Å, Ãʱâ È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ¾ß¿þ¡ª°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ÎÁ· ¾È¿¡¼µµ ¹üÁË¿Í ºÎµµ´öÀ» ¡°èÇÏ·Á ÇÏ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÌ µÇ´Â °úµµ±â¿¡
¾Æ¸ð½º°¡ Å« °ÉÀ½À» ³»µðµð¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ºÏÂÊ ºÎÁ·µéÀÇ ¹üÁˤý¸¸Ãë¤ý¾ï¾Ð¤ýºÎµµ´öÀ» ºñ³ÇÏ·Á°í ³²ºÎÀÇ »êÁö¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù.
¸ð¼¼ÀÇ ½ÃÀý ÀÌÈÄ·Î, ±×·¸°Ô ¿ï·Á ÆÛÁö´Â Áø¸®°¡ ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸Àο¡¼ ¼±Æ÷µÈ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
97:4.2 (1065.5) ¾Æ¸ð½º´Â ´ÜÁö ȸº¹ÀÚ³ª °³ÇõÀÚ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â »õ·Î¿î ½Å °³³äÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÑ ÀÚ¿´´Ù.
±×´Â ÀÌÀü »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ Çϳª´Ô¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ¸¹ÀÌ ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ¿´°í, À̸¥¹Ù ¼±¹Î »çÀÌ¿¡¼ Á˸¦ ¹¬ÀÎÇÒ ½Å¼ºÇÑ Á¸À縦
¹Ï´Â ½Å¾ÓÀ» ¿ë°¨È÷ °ø°ÝÇß´Ù. ¸á±â¼¼µ¦ ½ÃÀý ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ óÀ½À¸·Î, ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿Í µµ´ö¿¡ 2Áß Àã´ë »ç¿ëÀ» ºñ³ÇÏ´Â
¼Ò¸®°¡ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±Í¿¡ µé·È´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ óÀ½À¸·Î, ¹Ù·Î ±×µéÀÇ Çϳª´Ô ¾ß¿þ°¡ ±×µéÀÇ »ýÈ°¿¡¼ »ý±â´Â ¹üÁË¿Í
Á˸¦ ¾î¶² ´Ù¸¥ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ °æ¿ìº¸´Ù ´õ Âü°í ³Ñ¾î°¡Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â ¼Ò¸®¸¦ È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ±Í°¡ µé¾ú´Ù. ¾Æ¸ð½º´Â »ç¹«¿¤°ú
¿¤¸®¾ßÀÇ ¾öÇÏ°í °øÁ¤ÇÑ Çϳª´ÔÀ» »ó»óÇßÁö¸¸, ¶ÇÇÑ À߸øÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¹úÁÙ ¶§ È÷ºê¸®Àΰú ¾î´À ´Ù¸¥ ¹ÎÁ·À» Á¶±Ýµµ
´Þ¸® »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â Çϳª´ÔÀ» º¸¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÀÚ±â Áß½ÉÀÇ ¡°¼±¹Î¡± ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Á¤¸é °ø°ÝÀ̾ú°í, ±× ½ÃÀý¿¡
¸¹Àº È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÌ °¡½¿¿¡ »ç¹«Ä¡°Ô À̸¦ ºÐ°³ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
97:4.3 (1065.6) ¾Æ¸ð½º´Â ¸»Çß´Ù: ¡°»êÀ» ºú°í ¹Ù¶÷À» ÁöÀ¸½Å ÀÌ, ÀÏ°ö º°°ú ¿À¸®¿ÂÀ» Çü¼ºÇÑ À̸¦
ãÀ»Áö´Ï, ±×´Â Á×À½ÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ ¾ÆħÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù°í ³·À» ¹ãó·³ ¾îµÓ°Ô ¸¸µå½Ã´À´Ï¶ó.¡± °Ç¼ºÀ¸·Î Á¾±³¸¦ ¹Ï°í ±âȸÁÖÀÇÀÌ°í
¶§¶§·Î ºÎµµ´öÇÑ µ¿·áµéÀ» ºñ³Çϸé¼, º¯Ä¡ ¾Ê´Â ¾ß¿þÀÇ ¾î±è ¾ø´Â ÀÀº¸¸¦ ¹¦»çÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö¾²¸é¼ ±×´Â Çà¾ÇÀڵ鿡°Ô
¸»Çß´Ù, ¡°ºñ·Ï ÀúÈñ°¡ Áö¿ÁÀ¸·Î ÆÄ°í µé¾î°¡µµ °Å±â¼ ÀúÈñ¸¦ Àâ¾Æ³»¸®¶ó, ºñ·Ï ÀúÈñ°¡ Çϴ÷Π±â¾î¿À¸£´õ¶óµµ,
°Å±â¼ ÀúÈñ¸¦ ²ø¾î³»¸®¸®¶ó.¡± ¡°±×¸®°í Àûµé ¾Õ¿¡ Æ÷·Î°¡ µÇ¾î ²ø·Á°¡µµ, °Å±â¼ ³ª´Â ÀÀº¸ÀÇ Ä®À» Áö½ÃÇÏ°Ú°í
±× Ä®ÀÌ ÀúÈñ¸¦ Á×ÀÏÁö´Ï¶ó.¡± ²Ù¢°í ºñ³ÇÏ´Â ¼Õ°¡¶ôÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀ» °¡¸®Å°¸é¼ ¡°ºÐ¸íÄÁ´ë, ³ÊÈñ°¡ ÇÑ ÀÏÀ» Çϳªµµ
°áÄÚ ÀØÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇϸ®¶ó,¡± ¡°±×¸®°í ¹ÐÀ» üÁúÇÏ´Â °Í °°ÀÌ, ³ª´Â À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ ÁýÀ» ¸ðµç ³ª¶ó »çÀÌ¿¡ üÁúÇϸ®¶ó¡±ÇÏ°í
¾ß¿þÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ¼±¾ðÇßÀ» ¶§, ¾Æ¸ð½º´Â ûÁßÀ» ´õ¿í ³î¶ó°Ô Çß´Ù.
97:4.4 (1066.1) ¾Æ¸ð½º´Â ¾ß¿þ°¡ ¡°¸¸±¹ÀÇ Çϳª´Ô¡±À̶ó°í ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ°í, ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)À¸·Î ¿Ã¹Ù¸§À» ´ë½ÅÇؼ´Â
¾È µÈ´Ù°í À̽º¶ó¿¤ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °æ°íÇß´Ù. µ¹·Î ÃÄÁ×ÀÓÀ» ´çÇϱâ Àü¿¡, ÀÌ ¿ë°¨ÇÑ ¼±»ýÀº ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¾ß¿þ ±³¸®¸¦
»ì¸®±â¿¡ ³Ë³ËÈ÷ Áø¸®ÀÇ ´©·èÀ» Æ۶߷ȴÙ. ±×´Â ¸á±â¼¼µ¦ÀÇ °è½Ã°¡ ´õ¿í ÁøÀüµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸ÀåÇß´Ù.
97:4.5 (1066.2) È£¼¼¾Æ´Â ¸ð¼¼°¡ °¡¸£Ä£ »ç¶ûÀÇ Çϳª´Ô °³³äÀ» ºÎÈ°½ÃÅ´À¸·Î, ¾Æ¸ð½º, ±×¸®°í ¿ìÁÖÀÇ
Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ÀÀº¸ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¾Æ¸ð½ºÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ µû¶ú´Ù. È£¼¼¾Æ´Â Èñ»ý¹°ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´µ¿ìħÀ» ÅëÇؼ ¿ë¼¹Þ±â¸¦ ¿ÜÃÆ´Ù. ±×´Â
½ÅÀÌ ÀÎÀÚÇÏ°í ÀÚºñ·Ó´Ù´Â º¹À½À» ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ¸ç ¸»Çß´Ù, ¡°³»°¡ ³Ê¿Í ¾ðÁ¦±îÁö³ª ¾àÈ¥Çϸ®¶ó. ¿Çµµ´Ù, ¿Ã¹Ù¸§°ú ½ÉÆÇ
¼Ó¿¡¼, ÀÎÀÚÇÏ°í ÀÚºñ·Ó°Ô ³ÊÈñ¿Í ¾àÈ¥Çϸ®¶ó. ³ª´Â Ãæ½ÇÇÏ°Ô ³ÊÈñ¿Í ¾àÈ¥±îÁö Çϸ®¶ó,¡± ¡°³ª´Â ÀúÈñ¸¦ ¾Æ³¦¾øÀÌ
»ç¶ûÇϸ®´Ï, ³» ¼ºÀÌ Ç®·ÈÀ½À̶ó.¡±
97:4.6 (1066.3) È£¼¼¾Æ´Â Ãæ½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¾Æ¸ð½ºÀÇ µµ´öÀû °æ°í¸¦ °è¼ÓÇß°í, Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù.
¡°ÀúÈñ¸¦ ²Ù¢´Â °ÍÀÌ ³»°¡ ¹Ù¶ó´Â ¹Ù¶ó.¡± ±×·¯³ª ¡°³» ¹é¼ºÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ Àڵ鿡°Ô ¡®³ÊÈñ´Â ³» ¹é¼ºÀÌ¶ó¡¯ À̸£¸®¶ó,
±×¸®°í ÀúÈñ´Â ¡®ÁÖ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀ̳ªÀÌ´Ù¡¯ÇÏ°í ¸»Çϸ®¶ó,¡± ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»ÇßÀ» ¶§ À̽º¶ó¿¤ »ç¶÷µéÀº À̸¦ ¹Ý¿ªÁË¿¡
°¡±õ°Ô ÀÜÀÎÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°å´Ù. ±×´Â °è¼Ó ȸ°³¿Í ¿ë¼¸¦ ¼³±³ÇÏ¸ç ¸»Çß´Ù, ¡°³ª´Â ÀúÈñÀÇ Å¸¶ôÀ» °íÄ¡¸®¶ó, ÀúÈñ¸¦
¾Æ³¦¾øÀÌ »ç¶ûÇϸ®¶ó, ³» ¼ºÀÌ Ç®·ÈÀ½À̶ó.¡± È£¼¼¾Æ´Â ´Ã Èñ¸Á°ú ¿ë¼¸¦ ¼±Æ÷Çß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¸»¾¸ÀÇ ¿äÁ¡Àº ´Ã ÀÌ°ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
¡°³» ¹é¼º¿¡°Ô ³»°¡ ÀÚºñ¸¦ º£Ç®¸®¶ó. ÀúÈñ´Â ³ª ¿Ü¿¡ ¾Æ¹« Çϳª´ÔÀ» ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÒÁö´Ï, ³ª ¿Ü¿¡ ¾Æ¹« ±¸¿øÀÚ°¡
¾øÀ½À̶ó.¡±
97:4.7 (1066.4) ¾Æ¸ð½º´Â ±×µéÀÌ ¼±ÅÃµÈ ¹é¼ºÀ̶ó »ý°¢µÈ´Ù°í Çؼ ¾ß¿þ°¡ ±×µé Áß¿¡¼ ¹üÁË¿Í Á˸¦
¹¬ÀÎÇÏ·Á ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ýµµ·Ï È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ¹ÎÁ· ¾ç½ÉÀ» ±ú¿ìÃÆ´Ù. ÇÑÆí È£¼¼¾Æ´Â ½ÅÀÌ µ¿Á¤½ÉÀÌ °¡µæÇÏ°í
ÀÚ¾Ö·Ó´Ù´Â ÀÚºñ·Î¿î ÈÀ½(ûúëå)ÀÇ Ã¹ À½Á¤À» ½ÃÀÛÇß°í, ÈÄÀÏ¿¡ ÀÌ»ç¾ß¿Í ±× µ¿·áµéÀº ÀÌ ÈÀ½À» ¾ÆÁÖ ¾Æ¸§´ä°Ô
³ë·¡Çß´Ù.
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4. Amos and Hosea
97:4.1 A great step in the transition of
the tribal god¡ªthe god who had so long been served with sacrifices
and ceremonies, the Yahweh of the earlier Hebrews¡ªto a God who
would punish crime and immorality among even his own people,
was taken by Amos, who appeared from among the southern hills
to denounce the criminality, drunkenness, oppression, and immorality
of the northern tribes. Not since the times of Moses had such
ringing truths been proclaimed in Palestine.
97:4.2 Amos was not merely a restorer or reformer; he was a
discoverer of new concepts of Deity. He proclaimed much about
God that had been announced by his predecessors and courageously
attacked the belief in a Divine Being who would countenance
sin among his so-called chosen people. For the first time since
the days of Melchizedek the ears of man heard the denunciation
of the double standard of national justice and morality. For
the first time in their history Hebrew ears heard that their
own God, Yahweh, would no more tolerate crime and sin in their
lives than he would among any other people. Amos envisioned
the stern and just God of Samuel and Elijah, but he also saw
a God who thought no differently of the Hebrews than of any
other nation when it came to the punishment of wrongdoing. This
was a direct attack on the egoistic doctrine of the "chosen
people," and many Hebrews of those days bitterly resented
it.
97:4.3 Said Amos: "He who formed the mountains and created
the wind, seek him who formed the seven stars and Orion, who
turns the shadow of death into the morning and makes the day
dark as night." And in denouncing his half-religious, timeserving,
and sometimes immoral fellows, he sought to portray the inexorable
justice of an unchanging Yahweh when he said of the evildoers:
"Though they dig into hell, thence shall I take them; though
they climb up to heaven, thence will I bring them down."
"And though they go into captivity before their enemies,
thence will I direct the sword of justice, and it shall slay
them." Amos further startled his hearers when, pointing
a reproving and accusing finger at them, he declared in the
name of Yahweh: "Surely I will never forget any of your
works." "And I will sift the house of Israel among
all nations as wheat is sifted in a sieve."
97:4.4 Amos proclaimed Yahweh the "God of all nations"
and warned the Israelites that ritual must not take the place
of righteousness. And before this courageous teacher was stoned
to death, he had spread enough leaven of truth to save the doctrine
of the supreme Yahweh; he had insured the further evolution
of the Melchizedek revelation.
97:4.5 Hosea followed Amos and his doctrine of a universal God
of justice by the resurrection of the Mosaic concept of a God
of love. Hosea preached forgiveness through repentance, not
by sacrifice. He proclaimed a gospel of loving-kindness and
divine mercy, saying: "I will betroth you to me forever;
yes, I will betroth you to me in righteousness and judgment
and in loving-kindness and in mercies. I will even betroth you
to me in faithfulness." "I will love them freely,
for my anger is turned away."
97:4.6 Hosea faithfully continued the moral warnings of Amos,
saying of God, "It is my desire that I chastise them."
But the Israelites regarded it as cruelty bordering on treason
when he said: "I will say to those who were not my people,
`you are my people'; and they will say, `you are our God.'"
He continued to preach repentance and forgiveness, saying, "I
will heal their backsliding; I will love them freely, for my
anger is turned away." Always Hosea proclaimed hope and
forgiveness. The burden of his message ever was: "I will
have mercy upon my people. They shall know no God but me, for
there is no savior beside me."
97:4.7 Amos quickened the national conscience of the Hebrews
to the recognition that Yahweh would not condone crime and sin
among them because they were supposedly the chosen people, while
Hosea struck the opening notes in the later merciful chords
of divine compassion and loving-kindness which were so exquisitely
sung by Isaiah and his associates.
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5.
ù ÀÌ»ç¾ß
97:5.1 (1066.5) À̶§´Â ºÏºÎ ¾¾Á·µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ´õ·¯°¡ °³ÀÎÀÇ
ÁË¿Í ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ¹üÁ˸¦ ¡°èÇÑ´Ù´Â À§ÇùÀ» ¼±¾ðÇÏ°í, ÇÑÆí ´õ·¯°¡ ³²ÂÊ ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ ÁËÁöÀº °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¡¹ú·Î Àç³ÀÌ
ÀÖÀ¸¸®¶ó ¿¹¾ðÇÏ´ø ½ÃÀýÀ̾ú´Ù. È÷ºê¸® ±¹°¡µé¿¡¼ ¾ç½É°ú ÀǽÄ(ëòãÛ)ÀÌ Àϱú¿öÁø °ÍÀ» µÚÀ̾î ù ÀÌ»ç¾ß°¡ µîÀåÇß´Ù.
97:5.2 (1066.6) ÀÌ»ç¾ß´Â °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿µ¿øÇÑ ¼ºÇ°, °ð ¹«ÇÑÇÑ ÁöÇý, º¯ÇÔ¾øÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹ÏÀ½Á÷ÇÑ
¼ºÁúÀ» ¼³ÆÄÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù°í ¹¦»çÇß´Ù: ¡°³ª´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÁÙÀÚ ´ë·Î ½ÉÆÇÇÏ°í ´Ù¸²Ãß
´ë·Î °øÀǸ¦ Æ츮¶ó.¡± ¡°³ÊÈñÀÇ ½½ÇÄ°ú µÎ·Á¿ò¿¡¼, ³ÊÈñ°¡ ¼ö°íÇÏ´Â °íµÈ ¼Ó¹ÚÀÇ Ã³Áö¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ªµµ·Ï ÁÖ°¡ ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô
ÈÞ½ÄÀ» ÁÖ¸®¶ó.¡± ¡°±×¸®°í ³ÊÈñÀÇ ±Í´Â ¡®ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ±æÀ̶ó, ±× ±æ·Î °¡¶ó¡¯ ÇÏ´Â ¸»¾¸À» ³ÊÈñ µÚ¿¡¼ µéÀ»Áö´Ï¶ó.¡±
¡°º¸¶ó, Çϳª´ÔÀº ³ªÀÇ ±¸¿øÀ̶ó, ³ª´Â ¹Ï°í µÎ·Á¿ö ¾Æ´ÏÇϸ®´Ï, ÁÖ°¡ ³ªÀÇ ÈûÀÌ¿ä ³» ³ë·¡ÀÎ ±î´ßÀ̶ó.¡± ¡°¡®ÀÌÁ¦
¿Í¼ ÇÔ²² ÀdzíÇÏÀÚ¡¯ ¡®³ÊÈñÀÇ ÁË°¡ ÁøÈ« °°¾Æµµ, ´«°ú °°ÀÌ Èñ°Ô µÉÁö¶ó. ½Éȫó·³ ºÓ¾îµµ ¾çÅÐ °°ÀÌ µÉÁö´Ï¶ó¡¯
ÁÖ°¡ ¸»¾¸ÇϽô϶ó.¡±
97:5.3 (1066.7) µÎ·Á¿ò¿¡ Áú¸®°í È¥ÀÌ °¥±ÞÇÑ È÷ºê¸®Àο¡°Ô ÀÌ ¼±ÁöÀÚ´Â ¸»Çß´Ù. ¡°ÀϾ¼ ºû³¯Áö¾î´Ù.
³ÊÈñÀÇ ºûÀÌ ´Ù°¡¿Ô°í, ÁÖÀÇ ¿µ±¤ÀÌ ³ÊÈñ¸¦ ºñÃãÀ̶ó.¡± ¡°ÁÖÀÇ ¿µÀÌ ³» °¡±îÀÌ ¿À½Ã´Ï, ÁÁÀº ¼Ò½ÄÀ» À¯¼øÇÑ
ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀüÆÄÇ϶ó°í ±×°¡ ³»°Ô ±â¸§À» ºÎÀ¸¼ÌÀ½À̶ó.¡± ¡°¸¶À½ÀÌ »óÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ µ¿¿©¸Å°í, Æ÷·Î¿¡°Ô ÀÚÀ¯¸¦, ¹ÀÎ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô
°¨¿Á ¹®ÀÌ ¿·ÈÀ½À» ¼±Æ÷Ç϶ó°í ³ª¸¦ º¸³»¼ÌÀ½À̶ó.¡± ¡°³ª´Â ÁÖ ¾È¿¡¼ Å©°Ô ±â»µÇϸ®´Ï, ³» È¥ÀÌ ³» Çϳª´Ô
¾È¿¡¼ Áñ°Å¿ïÁö¶ó, ÀÌ´Â ±×°¡ ±¸¿øÀÇ ¿ÊÀ¸·Î ³ª¸¦ ÀÔÈ÷°í, ¿Ã¹Ù¸§ÀÇ ¿ÊÀ¸·Î ³ª¸¦ µ¤À¸¼ÌÀ½À̶ó.¡± ¡°ÀúÈñ°¡ ¹Þ´Â
¸ðµç °íÅë ¼Ó¿¡ ±×°¡ °íÅëÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò°í, ±×ÀÇ ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´ø õ»ç°¡ ÀúÈñ¸¦ ±¸ÇÏ¿´µµ´Ù. »ç¶ûÇÏ°í ºÒ½ÖÈ÷ ¿©±â´Â ¸¶À½À¸·Î
±×°¡ ÀúÈñ¸¦ µÇã¾Òµµ´Ù.¡±
97:5.4 (1067.1) ÀÌ ÀÌ»ç¾ß µÚ¸¦ ¹Ì°¡¿Í ¿À¹Ùµð¾Æ°¡ µû¶ú°í, À̵éÀº È¥À» Àû¼Å ÁÖ´Â ±×ÀÇ º¹À½À»
È®ÀÎÇÏ°í ¾Æ¸§´ä°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿ë°¨ÇÑ ÀÌ µÎ »çÀÚ´Â »çÁ¦¿¡°Ô Áö¹èµÈ È÷ºê¸®ÀÎ ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)À» ´ë´ãÇÏ°Ô ºñ³ÇÏ°í,
µÎ·Á¿ò ¾øÀÌ Èñ»ý Á¦µµ Àüü¸¦ °ø°ÝÇß´Ù.
97:5.5 (1067.2) ¹Ì°¡´Â ¡°º¸»óÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀçÆÇÇÏ´Â ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ, º¸¼ö¸¦ ¹Þ°í °¡¸£Ä¡´Â »çÁ¦, µ·À» ¹Þ°í
Á¡Ä¡´Â ¿¹¾ðÀڵ顱À» ²Ù¢¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ¹Ì½Å°ú Á¦»ç¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ³¯À» °¡Áö¶ó°í °¡¸£Ä¡¸ç ¸»Çß´Ù: ¡°±×·¯³ª
°¢ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÚ±âÀÇ ³ÕÄð ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ¾ÉÀ»Áö¸ç, ¾Æ¹«µµ ±×¿¡°Ô °ÌÀ» ÁÖÁö ¸»Áö´Ï, ÀÌ´Â °¢ÀÚ°¡ Çϳª´ÔÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â ´ë·Î
¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ »ì °ÍÀÓÀ̶ó.¡±
97:5.6 (1067.3) ¹Ì°¡°¡ ÀüÇÑ ¸»¾¸ÀÇ ¿äÁ¡Àº ´Ã ÀÌ°ÍÀ̾ú´Ù: ¡°Å¿î Çå¹°À» °¡Áö°í ³»°¡ Çϳª´Ô ¾Õ¿¡
¿À¸®À̱î? ÁÖ°¡ ¼ý¾ç 1õ ¸¶¸®³ª 1¸¸ °(Ë°)¿¡ °¡µæ Âù ±â¸§À¸·Î ±â»µÇϽø®À̱î? ³»°¡ ÁöÀº ÁË ¶§¹®¿¡ ³»
ù ¾ÆÀ̸¦, ³» È¥ÀÌ ÁöÀº ÁË ¶§¹®¿¡ ³» ¸öÀÇ ¿¸Å¸¦ µå¸®¸®À̱î? ¾Æ, »ç¶÷¾Æ, ±×´Â ³ª¿¡°Ô ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÁÁÀºÁö
º¸¿©Á̵ּµ´Ù, °øÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô ÇàÇÏ°í ÀÚºñ¸¦ »ç¶ûÇϸç, °â¼ÕÇÏ°Ô ³ÊÈñ Çϳª´Ô°ú ´õºÒ¾î °È´Â °Í ¸»°í ÁÖ°¡ ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô
¹«¾ùÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇϽôÀ³Ä?¡± À̶§´Â À§´ëÇÑ ½Ã´ë¿´´Ù. Á¤¸»·Î dz¿îÀÇ ½ÃÀýÀ̾úÀ¸´Ï, À̶§ 2õ 5¹é ³âµµ ´õ Àü¿¡,
ÇÊ»ç Àΰ£Àº »ç¶÷À» ±×·¸°Ô ÇعæÇÏ´Â ¼Ò½ÄÀ» µé¾ú°í ´õ·¯´Â À̸¦ ¹Ï±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. »çÁ¦µéÀÇ ²öÁú±ä ÀúÇ×ÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù¸é,
ÀÌ ¼±»ýµéÀº È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ¿¹¹è ÀǽĿ¡¼ ÇǺñ¸°³» ³ª´Â ¿¹½ÄÀ» Åëä·Î ÆóÁöÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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5. The First Isaiah
97:5.1 These were the times when some were
proclaiming threatenings of punishment against personal sins
and national crime among the northern clans while others predicted
calamity in retribution for the transgressions of the southern
kingdom. It was in the wake of this arousal of conscience and
consciousness in the Hebrew nations that the first Isaiah made
his appearance.
97:5.2 Isaiah went on to preach the eternal nature of God, his
infinite wisdom, his unchanging perfection of reliability. He
represented the God of Israel as saying: "Judgment also
will I lay to the line and righteousness to the plummet."
"The Lord will give you rest from your sorrow and from
your fear and from the hard bondage wherein man has been made
to serve." "And your ears shall hear a word behind
you, saying, `this is the way, walk in it.'" "Behold
God is my salvation; I will trust and not be afraid, for the
Lord is my strength and my song." "`Come now and let
us reason together,' says the Lord, `though your sins be as
scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red
like the crimson, they shall be as wool.'"
97:5.3 Speaking to the fear-ridden and soul-hungry Hebrews,
this prophet said: "Arise and shine, for your light has
come, and the glory of the Lord has risen upon you." "The
spirit of the Lord is upon me because he has anointed me to
preach good tidings to the meek; he has sent me to bind up the
brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives and the opening
of the prison to those who are bound." "I will greatly
rejoice in the Lord, my soul shall be joyful in my God, for
he has clothed me with the garments of salvation and has covered
me with his robe of righteousness." "In all their
afflictions he was afflicted, and the angel of his presence
saved them. In his love and in his pity he redeemed them."
97:5.4 This Isaiah was followed by Micah and Obadiah, who confirmed
and embellished his soul-satisfying gospel. And these two brave
messengers boldly denounced the priest-ridden ritual of the
Hebrews and fearlessly attacked the whole sacrificial system.
97:5.5 Micah denounced "the rulers who judge for reward
and the priests who teach for hire and the prophets who divine
for money." He taught of a day of freedom from superstition
and priestcraft, saying: "But every man shall sit under
his own vine, and no one shall make him afraid, for all people
will live, each one according to his understanding of God."
97:5.6 Ever the burden of Micah's message was: "Shall I
come before God with burnt offerings? Will the Lord be pleased
with a thousand rams or with ten thousand rivers of oil? Shall
I give my first-born for my transgression, the fruit of my body
for the sin of my soul? He has shown me, O man, what is good;
and what does the Lord require of you but to do justly and to
love mercy and to walk humbly with your God." And it was
a great age; these were indeed stirring times when mortal man
heard, and some even believed, such emancipating messages more
than two and a half millenniums ago. And but for the stubborn
resistance of the priests, these teachers would have overthrown
the whole bloody ceremonial of the Hebrew ritual of worship.
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6.
µÎ·Á¿ò ¾ø´Â ¿¹·¹¹Ì¾ß
97:6.1 (1067.4) ¸î¸î ¼±»ýÀÌ ÀÌ»ç¾ßÀÇ º¹À½À» ÁÙ°ð Çؼ³ÇßÁö¸¸,
È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ Çϳª´Ô ¾ß¿þ¸¦ ±¹Á¦Àû ½ÅÀ¸·Î ¸¸µå´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ¿¹·¹¹Ì¾ß°¡ ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î °ú°¨ÇÑ °ÉÀ½À» ³»µðµð¾ú´Ù.
97:6.2 (1067.5) ¿¹·¹¹Ì¾ß´Â È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶ó¿Í ÀüÀïÇÒ ¶§ ¾ß¿þ°¡ ±×µé ÆíÀ» µéÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í µÎ·Á¿ò
¾øÀÌ ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ¾ß¿þ°¡ ¿Â ¶¥, ¸ðµç ³ª¶ó¿Í ¸ðµç ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿¹·¹¹Ì¾ßÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº
À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀ» ±¹Á¦ÈÇÏ´Â, ¿Ã¶ó°¡´Â ¹°°áÀÌ ÃÖ°íÁ¶¿¡ ´ÞÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¸¶Ä§³», ¾ðÁ¦±îÁö³ª, ÀÌ ´ë´ãÇÑ ¼³±³ÀÚ´Â
¾ß¿þ°¡ ¸¸±¹ÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀ̶ó, ¿¡ÁýÆ®Àο¡°Ô ¿À½Ã¸®½º, ¹Ùºô·Î´Ï¾ÆÀο¡°Ô º§, ¾Æ¾¾¸®¾ÆÀο¡°Ô ¾Æ½´¸£, ¶Ç´Â Çʸ®½ºÆ¼¾ÆÀο¡°Ô
´Ù°ïÀÌ µµ¹«Áö ¾ø´Ù°í ¼±Æ÷Çß´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ Á¾±³´Â ÀÌ ¹«·Æ¿¡, ±×¸®°í ±× ÀÌÈÄ·Î ¼¼°è¿¡ µÎ·ç, ÀϽű³ÀÇ
ºÎÈïÀ» ÇÔ²² ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸¶Ä§³» ¾ß¿þ °³³äÀº Ç༺ÀÇ ½Å ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î, ¿ìÁÖÀÇ À§¾öÀ» °¡Áø ³ôÀ̱îÁöµµ ¿Ã¶ó°¬´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿¹·¹¹Ì¾ßÀÇ µ¿·á Áß¿¡ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷Àº È÷ºê¸® ¹ÎÁ·°ú µû·Î ÀÖ´Â ¾ß¿þ¸¦ »ý°¢ÇϱⰡ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù.
97:6.3 (1067.6) ¿¹·¹¹Ì¾ß´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¼±¾ðÇϸé¼, ÀÌ»ç¾ß°¡ ¹¦»çÇÑ, °øÁ¤ÇÏ°í »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀ»
ÀüÆÄÇß´Ù: ¡°¿Çµµ´Ù, ³ª´Â ¿µ¿øÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ¸·Î ³ÊÈñ¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ¿´³ë¶ó. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÎÀÚÇÔÀ¸·Î ³»°¡ ³ÊÈñ¸¦ ´ç±â¾ú³ë¶ó.¡±
¡°ÀÌ´Â ±×°¡ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¾Æµéµþ¿¡°Ô °íÅë Áֱ⸦ ±â»µÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸½ÉÀ̶ó.¡±
97:6.4 (1067.7) µÎ·Á¿ò ¾ø´Â ÀÌ ¿¹¾ðÀÚ´Â ¸»Çß´Ù: ¡°¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÁÖ´Â ¿Ã¹Ù¸£°í, ³Ê±×·´°Ô Ãæ°íÇϸç,
ÈûÂ÷°Ô ÀÏÇϽôÀ´Ï¶ó. »ç¶÷¸¶´Ù °¡´Â ±æ¿¡ µû¶ó¼, »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÇÑ ÀÏÀÇ ¿¸Å¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ÁÖ·Á°í, »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÀÚ¼ÕÀÌ
°¡´Â ±æÀ» ´Ù ´« ¶ß°í º¸½Ã´Ï¶ó.¡± ±×·¯³ª ¿¹·ç»ì·½ÀÌ Æ÷À§µÈ µ¿¾È, ¡°±×¸®°í ÀÌÁ¦ ³»°¡ ÀÌ ¶¥À» ¹Ùºô·ÐÀÇ ÀÓ±Ý
´ÀºÎ°«³×»ì, ³» Á¾ÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ ÁÖ¾ú³ë¶ó¡±ÇÏ°í ¸»ÇßÀ» ¶§ ±×°ÍÀº ½Å¼ºÀ» ¸ðµ¶ÇÏ´Â ¹Ý¿ªÁË·Î »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿¹·¹¹Ì¾ß°¡
±× µµ½ÃÀÇ Ç׺¹À» Á¶¾ðÇßÀ» ¶§, »çÁ¦¿Í ±¹°¡ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀº ±×¸¦ ÄÄÄÄÇÑ ÁöÇÏ °¨¹æÀÇ ´õ·¯¿î ±¸µ¢ÀÌ ¼ÓÀ¸·Î ó¹Ú¾Ò´Ù.
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6. Jeremiah the Fearless
97:6.1 While several teachers continued
to expound the gospel of Isaiah, it remained for Jeremiah to
take the next bold step in the internationalization of Yahweh,
God of the Hebrews.
97:6.2 Jeremiah fearlessly declared that Yahweh was not on the
side of the Hebrews in their military struggles with other nations.
He asserted that Yahweh was God of all the earth, of all nations
and of all peoples. Jeremiah's teaching was the crescendo of
the rising wave of the internationalization of the God of Israel;
finally and forever did this intrepid preacher proclaim that
Yahweh was God of all nations, and that there was no Osiris
for the Egyptians, Bel for the Babylonians, Ashur for the Assyrians,
or Dagon for the Philistines. And thus did the religion of the
Hebrews share in that renaissance of monotheism throughout the
world at about and following this time; at last the concept
of Yahweh had ascended to a Deity level of planetary and even
cosmic dignity. But many of Jeremiah's associates found it difficult
to conceive of Yahweh apart from the Hebrew nation.
97:6.3 Jeremiah also preached of the just and loving God described
by Isaiah, declaring: "Yes, I have loved you with an everlasting
love; therefore with loving-kindness have I drawn you."
"For he does not afflict willingly the children of men."
97:6.4 Said this fearless prophet: "Righteous is our Lord,
great in counsel and mighty in work. His eyes are open upon
all the ways of all the sons of men, to give every one according
to his ways and according to the fruit of his doings."
But it was considered blasphemous treason when, during the siege
of Jerusalem, he said: "And now have I given these lands
into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, my servant."
And when Jeremiah counseled the surrender of the city, the priests
and civil rulers cast him into the miry pit of a dismal dungeon.
|
7.
µÑ° ÀÌ»ç¾ß
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°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ª¶ó´Â ¹Ùºô·ÐÀÇ ±º´ë ¾Õ¿¡¼ ÆÐÇß°í, ±×µé ¹ÎÁ·À» µÎµÐÇÏ´ø ¾ß¿þ´Â ¿µÀû ÁöµµÀÚµéÀÇ ±¹Á¦Àû ¼³±³·Î °í³À»
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À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ Á¶»ó¤ý¿ª»ç¿¡ ¸í¿¹¿Í ¿µ±¤À» µ¹¸®·Á°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àü¼³À» Ç×»ó ¿Ö°îÇߴµ¥µµ, ±×µéÀº äÅÃÇÑ °¥´ë¾ÆÀÎ À̾߱âÀÇ
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97:7.3 (1068.3) ÀÌ È÷ºê¸®ÀÎ »çÁ¦¿Í ¼±â°üµéÀº ¸Ó¸® ¼Ó¿¡ ´Ü ÇϳªÀÇ »ý°¢À» Ç°°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ´Â
À¯´ë ³ª¶ó¸¦ º¹±¸ÇÏ°í, È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ÀüÅëÀ» ¿µÈ·Ó°Ô ÇÏ°í, Á¾Á·ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ³ôÀÌ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ »çÁ¦µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ
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°ÍÀ» ±â¾ïÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¿µ°¨À» ¹Þ¾Æ¼ ½è´Ù°í ¿ì±âÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í ½Å¼ºÇÑ Ã¥À» ¾´´Ù°í °ø¾ðÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀº
´Ù¸¸ Æ÷·Î »ýÈ°À» ÇÏ´ø µ¿Æ÷ÀÇ ¿À±×¶óµå´Â ¿ë±â¸¦ ºÏµ¸¾Æ ÁÖ·Á°í °í¾ÈµÈ ±³°ú¼¸¦ ÁغñÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ºÐ¸íÈ÷
¹ÎÁ· Á¤½Å°ú °Ü·¹ÀÇ »ç±â(ÞÍѨ) ³ôÀÌ´Â °ÍÀ» °Ü³ÉÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÈÄÀÏÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ°Í°ú ±âŸ ±â·ÏµéÀ» ¸ð¾Æ¼,
¿À·ù°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í »ý°¢µÈ °¡¸£Ä§À» ÀûÀº ¾È³»¼·Î ¸¸µé°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
97:7.4 (1068.4) À¯´ëÀÎ »çÁ¦µéÀº Æ÷·Î »ýÈ°ÀÌ ³¡³ µÚ¿¡ ÀÌ ±â·ÏµéÀ» ¾Æ³¦¾øÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ¸Ô¾úÁö¸¸,
±×µéÀº ±â¸¦ ²ªÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÀþÀº ¼±ÁöÀÚ, µÑ° ÀÌ»ç¾ß°¡ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ µ¿·á Æ÷·Îµé¿¡°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â µ¥ Å©°Ô
¹æÇظ¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. µÑ° ÀÌ»ç¾ß´Â ù ÀÌ»ç¾ß°¡ ¿ÜÄ£, ÀÀº¸¤ý»ç¶û¤ý¿Ã¹Ù¸§¤ýÀÚºñÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹Ï´Â ½ÅÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¿¹·¹¹Ì¾ß¿Í ÇÔ²², ¾ß¿þ°¡ ¸¸±¹ÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ½À» ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¼ºÇ°¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÌ À̷еéÀ»
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Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù.
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µÑ° ÀÌ»ç¾ß°¡ ¼±Æ÷Çß´ø ³ôÀº Çϳª´Ô °³³ä¿¡ À̸£Áö ¸øÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ¿µÀû ÁöµµÀÚ°¡ ¼±Æ÷ÇÑ °ÍÀº ÀÛ°í, »ç¶÷ ¸ð½ÀÀ»
ÇÏ°í »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¸¸µç Çϳª´ÔÀº ÀüÇô ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ¡°º¸¶ó, ±×´Â ¼¶µéÀ» Ƽ²øó·³ µé¾î¿Ã¸®½Ã´À´Ï¶ó.¡± ¡°±×¸®°í ÇÏ´ÃÀÌ
¶¥º¸´Ù ³ôÀº °Í °°ÀÌ, ³ªÀÇ ±æÀº ³ÊÈñÀÇ ±æº¸´Ù ³ô°í ³ªÀÇ »ý°¢Àº ³ÊÈñÀÇ »ý°¢º¸´Ù ³ôÀ¸´Ï¶ó.¡±
97:7.6 (1069.1) ¸¶Ä§³» ¸¶Å°º¥Å¸ ¸á±â¼¼µ¦Àº ÁøÂ¥ Çϳª´ÔÀ» ÇÊ»ç Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ´Â Àΰ£ ¼±»ýµéÀ»
¹Ù¶óº¸¾Ò´Ù. ù ÀÌ»ç¾ßó·³, ÀÌ ÁöµµÀÚ´Â ¿ìÁÖ¸¦ âÁ¶ÇÏ°í ¶°¹Þµå´Â Çϳª´ÔÀ» ÀüÆÄÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¡°³ª´Â ¶¥À» ¸¸µé°í,
±× À§¿¡ »ç¶÷À» µÎ¾ú³ë¶ó. ³ª´Â ¶¥À» ÇêµÇÀÌ ¸¸µéÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ¿´°í, »ç¶÷ÀÌ »ì¶ó°í ¶¥À» ºú¾ú³ë¶ó.¡± ¡°³ª´Â óÀ½ÀÌ¿ä
¸¶Áö¸·À̶ó, ³ª ¿Ü¿¡ ¾Æ¹« Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ¾ø´À´Ï¶ó.¡± À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ ÁÖ Çϳª´ÔÀ» ´ë½ÅÇÏ¿©, ÀÌ »õ ¼±ÁöÀÚ´Â ¸»Çß´Ù.
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µÚ·Î ´Ã Çã´ÙÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§·ÎÇß´Ù: ¡°ÁÖ°¡ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»¾¸ÇϽô϶ó, ¡®³ª´Â ³Ê¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú°í, ³Ê¸¦ µÇã°í ³× À̸§À¸·Î
³Ê¸¦ ºÒ·¶³ë¶ó, ³Ê´Â ³» °ÍÀ̶ó.¡¯¡± ¡°³ÊÈñ°¡ ¹Ù´Ù¸¦ Áö³ª°¥ ¶§ ³»°¡ ³ÊÈñ¿Í ÇÔ²² Çϸ®´Ï, ³ÊÈñ°¡ ³» ´«¾Õ¿¡
±ÍÁßÇÔÀ̶ó.¡± ¡°¿©ÀÚ°¡ Á¦ ¾ÆµéÀ» µ¿Á¤ÇÏ´Â ¸¶À½ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í Çؼ, Á¥ ¸Ô´Â Á¦ ¾ÆÀ̸¦ ÀØÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´À³Ä? ¿Çµµ´Ù,
¿©ÀÚ´Â ÀØÀ»Áö ¸ô¶óµµ, ³ª´Â ³» ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» ÀØÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇϸ®´Ï, º¸¶ó, ³»°¡ ÀúÈñ¸¦ ³» ¼Õ¹Ù´Ú¿¡ »õ°åÀ½À̶ó. ³ª´Â
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97:7.8 (1069.3) »ì·½ÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀ» ÀÌ·¸°Ô »õ·Î µå·¯³»´Â º¹À½À» ´Ù½Ã µé¾î º¸¾Æ¶ó: ¡°±×´Â Á¦ ¾ç
¶¼¸¦ ¸ñÀÚó·³ ¸ÔÀ̸®¶ó, ¾çµéÀ» ÆÈ ¾È¿¡ ¸ðÀ¸°í °¡½¿¿¡ Ç°¾î ÀúÈñ¸¦ ³ª¸£¸®¶ó. ±×´Â ¾àÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÈûÀ» ÁÖ°í,
ÈûÀÌ ¾ø´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÈûÀ» Å°¿ö ÁÖµµ´Ù. ÁÖ¸¦ ¼¶±â´Â ÀÚ´Â ÈûÀ» ´Ù½Ã ã°Ú°í µ¶¼ö¸®Ã³·³ ³¯°³ Ä¡¸ç ¿Ã¶ó°¡¸®¶ó.
ÀúÈñ°¡ ´Þ¸®°í¼ ÁöÄ¡Áö ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ°Ú°í, °É¾îµµ ¾²·¯ÁöÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇϸ®¶ó.¡±
97:7.9 (1069.4) ÀÌ ÀÌ»ç¾ß´Â È®´ëµÇ´Â ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¾ß¿þ °³³äÀ» ´ãÀº º¹À½À» ¸Ö¸® ¹ÌÄ¡µµ·Ï ¼±ÀüÇß´Ù.
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¼Ó¼ºÀ» ±×¸° ±×ÀÇ ±ÛÀº ½Ã(ãÌ)¿Í °°¾Ò´Ù. Çϴÿ¡ °è½Å ¾Æ¹öÁö¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© À̺¸´Ù ´õ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¸»ÀÌ ÀÔ¿¡¼ ³ª¿Â
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ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ ¼±ÁöÀÚ°¡ ½ÅÀÌ º¯Ä¡ ¾Ê°í Çϳª´ÔÀÌ Ãæ½ÇÇÔÀ» ²öÁú±â°Ô ÀüÆÄÇÑ °ÍÀº À¯´ë ¹ÎÁ· »çÀÌ¿¡ »õ·Î¿î ±³¸®¿´´Ù.
¡°Çϳª´ÔÀº ÀØÁö ¾Ê°í, ¹ö¸®Áö ¾Ê°íÀÚ ÇϽø®¶ó¡±ÇÏ°í ±×´Â ¿ÜÃÆ´Ù.
97:7.10 (1069.5) ÀÌ ´ë´ãÇÑ ¼±»ýÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ Çϳª´Ô°ú ¹«Ã´ °¡±î¿î »çÀ̶ó°í ¼±Æ÷Çß°í, ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù.
¡°³» À̸§À¸·Î ºÎ¸£´Â ÀÚ¸¶´Ù ³» ¿µ±¤À» À§ÇÏ¿© âÁ¶Çß°í, ÀúÈñ´Â ³ª¸¦ Âù¾çÇÔÀ» º¸ÀÏÁö´Ï¶ó. ³ª, ³ªÁ¶Â÷µµ,
½º½º·Î¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© ÀúÈñ°¡ ÁöÀº Á˸¦ Áö¿ö¹ö¸®´Â ÀÚÀ̶ó, ³ª´Â ÀúÈñÀÇ Á˸¦ ±â¾ïÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸®¶ó.¡±
97:7.11 (1069.6) ÀÌ À§´ëÇÑ È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÌ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ Çϳª´Ô °³³äÀ» ¶§·ÁºÎ¼ö°í, ÇÑÆí ¿µÈ·Ó°Ô ¿ìÁÖÀÇ
¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ½Å¼ºÀ» ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» µé¾î º¸¾Æ¶ó. ±×´Â ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö¿¡ ´ëÇؼ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¡°ÇÏ´ÃÀº ³ªÀÇ º¸Á¿ä,
¶¥Àº ¹ßÆÇÀ̶ó.¡± ±×·±µ¥µµ ÀÌ»ç¾ßÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀº °Å·èÇÏ°í, ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°í, °øÁ¤Çϸç, »ç¶÷Àº ±×¸¦ Çì¾Æ¸± ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
»ç¸·ÀÇ º£µÎÀÎ Á·¼ÓÀÌ °¡Á³´ø °³³ä, ¼ºÀÌ ³ª ÀÖ°í º¹¼ö½ÉÀÌ °¡µæÇÏ°í ÁúÅõÇÏ´Â ¾ß¿þ °³³äÀº °ÅÀÇ »ç¶óÁ³´Ù. ÃÖ°íÀ̸ç
º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ »õ ¾ß¿þ °³³äÀÌ ÇÊ»ç Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸Ó¸® ¼Ó¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ°í, Àΰ£ÀÇ ´«¾Õ¿¡¼ °áÄÚ »ç¶óÁöÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ½ÅÀÇ
ÀÀº¸¸¦ ±ú´Ý´Â °ÍÀº ¿ø½ÃÀû ¸¶¼ú°ú »ý¹°ÇÐÀû µÎ·Á¿òÀ» ¾ø¾Ö±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ¸¶Ä§³», »ç¶÷Àº ¹ý°ú Áú¼°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿ìÁÖ¿¡
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97:7.12 (1070.1) ¼þ°íÇÑ Çϳª´ÔÀ» ¿ÜÄ¡´Â ÀÌ ÀüµµÀÚ´Â ±×Ä¥ ÁÙ ¸ð¸£°í ÀÌ »ç¶ûÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀ» ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
¡°³ª´Â ³ô°í °Å·èÇÑ °÷¿¡ °ÅÇϸç, ¶ÇÇÑ ´µ¿ìÄ¡°í °â¼ÕÇÑ Á¤½ÅÀ» °¡Áø ÀÚ¿Í ÇÔ²² Çϳë¶ó.¡± ÀÌ À§´ëÇÑ ¼±»ýÀº
°°Àº ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô À§·ÎÇÏ´Â ¸»¾¸À» ´õ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù: ¡°±×¸®°í ÁÖ°¡ ³Ê¸¦ ÁÙ°ð ¾È³»ÇÏ°í ³ÊÀÇ È¥À» ä¿ö Áֽø®¶ó.
³Ê´Â ¹°À» ÁØ µ¿»ê °°°í ±×ħ ¾øÀÌ È帣´Â »ù¹°°ú °°À»Áö´Ï¶ó. ±×¸®°í ÀûÀÌ È«¼ö(ûóâ©)ó·³ ¿Â´Ù¸é, ÁÖÀÇ ¿µÀÌ
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³»¸®·Á°í ´Ù½Ã ÇÑ ¹ø ¾ÕÀ» ºñÃß¾ú´Ù.
97:7.13 (1070.2) ¼±°ßÀÌ ÀÖ°í ¿ë°¨ÇÑ ÀÌ»ç¾ß´Â ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¾ß¿þ, »ç¶ûÀÇ Çϳª´Ô, ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ, ¾ÖÁ¤À»
°¡Áø, ¿Â ÀηùÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ À§¾ö°ú º¸ÆíÀû Àü´ÉÀ» ¼þ°íÇÏ°Ô ±×¸²À¸·Î½á ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀû ¾ß¿þ°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ºûÀ» ÀÒ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±× Áß´ëÇÑ ½ÃÀý ÀÌÈÄ·Î, ¼¾ç¿¡¼ °¡Àå ³ôÀº Çϳª´Ô °³³äÀº º¸ÆíÀû ÀÀº¸, ½ÅÀÇ ÀÚºñ, ¿µ¿øÇÑ ¿Ã¹Ù¸§À» Æ÷ÇÔÇß´Ù.
ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¾ð¾î·Î, ºñÇÒ µ¥ ¾ø´Â Ç°À§¸¦ °®Ãß°í ÀÌ À§´ëÇÑ ¼±»ýÀº Àü´ÉÇÑ Ã¢Á¶ÀÚ¸¦ ¸¸ÀÎÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ¾Æ¹öÁö·Î ±×·È´Ù.
97:7.14 (1070.3) Æ÷·Î·Î ÀâÇô ÀÖ´ø ÀÌ ¼±ÁöÀÚ´Â ¹Ùºô·ÐÀÇ °°¡¿¡¼ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±Í¸¦ ±â¿ï¿´À» ¶§ ±×ÀÇ
¹ÎÁ·¿¡°Ô, ±×¸®°í ¹µ ³ª¶óÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·µé¿¡°Ô ¼³ÆÄÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ µÑ° ÀÌ»ç¾ß´Â ¾à¼ÓµÈ ¸Þ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÀÓ¹«¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©,
Á¾Á· ¸é¿¡¼ ÀÚ±â Áß½ÉÀÎ ±×¸©µÈ ¸¹Àº °³³äÀ» ¾ø¾Ö´Â µ¥ Å©°Ô À̹ÙÁöÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ³ë·Â¿¡ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¼º°øÇÏÁö´Â
¸øÇß´Ù. »çÁ¦µéÀÌ ±×¸©µÈ »ý°¢À¸·Î ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǸ¦ Å°¿ì´Â ÀÏ¿¡ Çå½ÅÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´õ¶ó¸é, µÎ ÀÌ»ç¾ßÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¾à¼ÓµÈ
¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æº¸°í ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̱â À§ÇÏ¿© ±æÀ» ¿¹ºñÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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7. The Second Isaiah
97:7.1 The destruction of the Hebrew nation
and their captivity in Mesopotamia would have proved of great
benefit to their expanding theology had it not been for the
determined action of their priesthood. Their nation had fallen
before the armies of Babylon, and their nationalistic Yahweh
had suffered from the international preachments of the spiritual
leaders. It was resentment of the loss of their national god
that led the Jewish priests to go to such lengths in the invention
of fables and the multiplication of miraculous appearing events
in Hebrew history in an effort to restore the Jews as the chosen
people of even the new and expanded idea of an internationalized
God of all nations.
97:7.2 During the captivity the Jews were much influenced by
Babylonian traditions and legends, although it should be noted
that they unfailingly improved the moral tone and spiritual
significance of the Chaldean stories which they adopted, notwithstanding
that they invariably distorted these legends to reflect honor
and glory upon the ancestry and history of Israel.
97:7.3 These Hebrew priests and scribes had a single idea in
their minds, and that was the rehabilitation of the Jewish nation,
the glorification of Hebrew traditions, and the exaltation of
their racial history. If there is resentment of the fact that
these priests have fastened their erroneous ideas upon such
a large part of the Occidental world, it should be remembered
that they did not intentionally do this; they did not claim
to be writing by inspiration; they made no profession to be
writing a sacred book. They were merely preparing a textbook
designed to bolster up the dwindling courage of their fellows
in captivity. They were definitely aiming at improving the national
spirit and morale of their compatriots. It remained for later-day
men to assemble these and other writings into a guide book of
supposedly infallible teachings.
97:7.4 The Jewish priesthood made liberal use of these writings
subsequent to the captivity, but they were greatly hindered
in their influence over their fellow captives by the presence
of a young and indomitable prophet, Isaiah the second, who was
a full convert to the elder Isaiah's God of justice, love, righteousness,
and mercy. He also believed with Jeremiah that Yahweh had become
the God of all nations. He preached these theories of the nature
of God with such telling effect that he made converts equally
among the Jews and their captors. And this young preacher left
on record his teachings, which the hostile and unforgiving priests
sought to divorce from all association with him, although sheer
respect for their beauty and grandeur led to their incorporation
among the writings of the earlier Isaiah. And thus may be found
the writings of this second Isaiah in the book of that name,
embracing chapters forty to fifty-five inclusive.
97:7.5 No prophet or religious teacher from Machiventa to the
time of Jesus attained the high concept of God that Isaiah the
second proclaimed during these days of the captivity. It was
no small, anthropomorphic, man-made God that this spiritual
leader proclaimed. "Behold he takes up the isles as a very
little thing." "And as the heavens are higher than
the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts
higher than your thoughts."
97:7.6 At last Machiventa Melchizedek beheld human teachers
proclaiming a real God to mortal man. Like Isaiah the first,
this leader preached a God of universal creation and upholding.
"I have made the earth and put man upon it. I have created
it not in vain; I formed it to be inhabited." "I am
the first and the last; there is no God beside me." Speaking
for the Lord God of Israel, this new prophet said: "The
heavens may vanish and the earth wax old, but my righteousness
shall endure forever and my salvation from generation to generation."
"Fear you not, for I am with you; be not dismayed, for
I am your God." "There is no God beside me-a just
God and a Savior."
97:7.7 And it comforted the Jewish captives, as it has thousands
upon thousands ever since, to hear such words as: "Thus
says the Lord, `I have created you, I have redeemed you, I have
called you by your name; you are mine.'" "When you
pass through the waters, I will be with you since you are precious
in my sight." "Can a woman forget her suckling child
that she should not have compassion on her son? Yes, she may
forget, yet will I not forget my children, for behold I have
graven them upon the palms of my hands; I have even covered
them with the shadow of my hands." "Let the wicked
forsake his ways and the unrighteous man his thoughts, and let
him return to the Lord, and he will have mercy upon him, and
to our God, for he will abundantly pardon."
97:7.8 Listen again to the gospel of this new revelation of
the God of Salem: "He shall feed his flock like a shepherd;
he shall gather the lambs in his arms and carry them in his
bosom. He gives power to the faint, and to those who have no
might he increases strength. Those who wait upon the Lord shall
renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles;
they shall run and not be weary; they shall walk and not faint."
97:7.9 This Isaiah conducted a far-flung propaganda of the gospel
of the enlarging concept of a supreme Yahweh. He vied with Moses
in the eloquence with which he portrayed the Lord God of Israel
as the Universal Creator. He was poetic in his portrayal of
the infinite attributes of the Universal Father. No more beautiful
pronouncements about the heavenly Father have ever been made.
Like the Psalms, the writings of Isaiah are among the most sublime
and true presentations of the spiritual concept of God ever
to greet the ears of mortal man prior to the arrival of Michael
on Urantia. Listen to his portrayal of Deity: "I am the
high and lofty one who inhabits eternity." "I am the
first and the last, and beside me there is no other God."
"And the Lord's hand is not shortened that it cannot save,
neither his ear heavy that it cannot hear." And it was
a new doctrine in Jewry when this benign but commanding prophet
persisted in the preachment of divine constancy, God's faithfulness.
He declared that "God would not forget, would not forsake."
97:7.10 This daring teacher proclaimed that man was very closely
related to God, saying: "Every one who is called by my
name I have created for my glory, and they shall show forth
my praise. I, even I, am he who blots out their transgressions
for my own sake, and I will not remember their sins."
97:7.11 Hear this great Hebrew demolish the concept of a national
God while in glory he proclaims the divinity of the Universal
Father, of whom he says, "The heavens are my throne, and
the earth is my footstool." And Isaiah's God was none the
less holy, majestic, just, and unsearchable. The concept of
the angry, vengeful, and jealous Yahweh of the desert Bedouins
has almost vanished. A new concept of the supreme and universal
Yahweh has appeared in the mind of mortal man, never to be lost
to human view. The realization of divine justice has begun the
destruction of primitive magic and biologic fear. At last, man
is introduced to a universe of law and order and to a universal
God of dependable and final attributes.
97:7.12 And this preacher of a supernal God never ceased to
proclaim this God of love. "I dwell in the high and holy
place, also with him who is of a contrite and humble spirit."
And still further words of comfort did this great teacher speak
to his contemporaries: "And the Lord will guide you continually
and satisfy your soul. You shall be like a watered garden and
like a spring whose waters fail not. And if the enemy shall
come in like a flood, the spirit of the Lord will lift up a
defense against him." And once again did the fear-destroying
gospel of Melchizedek and the trust-breeding religion of Salem
shine forth for the blessing of mankind.
97:7.13 The farseeing and courageous Isaiah effectively eclipsed
the nationalistic Yahweh by his sublime portraiture of the majesty
and universal omnipotence of the supreme Yahweh, God of love,
ruler of the universe, and affectionate Father of all mankind.
Ever since those eventful days the highest God concept in the
Occident has embraced universal justice, divine mercy, and eternal
righteousness. In superb language and with matchless grace this
great teacher portrayed the all-powerful Creator as the all-loving
Father.
97:7.14 This prophet of the captivity preached to his people
and to those of many nations as they listened by the river in
Babylon. And this second Isaiah did much to counteract the many
wrong and racially egoistic concepts of the mission of the promised
Messiah. But in this effort he was not wholly successful. Had
the priests not dedicated themselves to the work of building
up a misconceived nationalism, the teachings of the two Isaiahs
would have prepared the way for the recognition and reception
of the promised Messiah.
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8.
½Å¼ºÇÑ ¿ª»ç¿Í ¼¼¼ÓÀÇ ¿ª»ç
97:8.1 (1070.4) È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ Ã¼Çè ±â·ÏÀ» ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¿ª»ç·Î ¹Ù¶óº¸°í,
³ª¸ÓÁö ¼¼»óÀÇ »ç¹«¸¦ ¼¼¼ÓÀÇ ¿ª»ç·Î ¹Ù¶óº¸´Â °ü½ÀÀº, ¿ª»çÀÇ Çؼ®¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸Ó¸® ¼Ó¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº
È¥¶õ¿¡ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®Á¦´Â À¯´ëÀο¡°Ô ¼¼¼ÓÀÇ ¿ª»ç°¡ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ »ý±ä´Ù. ¹Ùºô·Î´Ï¾Æ¿¡ Ãß¹æµÈ ½ÃÀý¿¡ »çÁ¦µéÀÌ,
Çϳª´ÔÀÌ È÷ºê¸®Àΰú °¡Á³´ø, ±âÀûÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢µÈ °Å·¡ÀÇ ±â·Ï, ±¸¾à¿¡ ¹¦»çµÈ À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¿ª»çÀÇ »õ ±â·ÏÀ»
ÁغñÇÑ µÚ¿¡, ±×µéÀº È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ³ª¶ùÀÏ¿¡ °üÇÑ ±âÁ¸ ±â·Ï¡ªÈ÷ºê¸® ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ ¾ó¸¶Å Á¤È®ÇÑ ¸î °¡Áö ´Ù¸¥ ±â·Ï°ú
ÇÔ²², ¡°À̽º¶ó¿¤ ¿ÕµéÀÇ ¾÷Àû¡± °ú ¡°À¯´Ù ¿ÕµéÀÇ ¾÷Àû¡±¡ªÀ» Á¶½É½º·´°Ô, »ô»ôÀÌ ¾ø¾Ö¹ö·È´Ù.
97:8.2 (1070.5) ¼¼¼ÓÀÇ ¿ª»çÀÇ Åë·ÄÇÑ ¾Ð·Â¿¡ ´¸®°í ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ °¿ä´çÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô, Æ÷·Î°¡
µÇ°í ¿Ü±¹Àο¡°Ô Áö¹è¹Þ´Â À¯´ëÀÎÀ» ¾ÆÁÖ °øÆ÷¿¡ ºüÁö°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Â°¡, ±×·¡¼ ±×µéÀÌ ÀÚ±â³× ¿ª»ç¸¦ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ »õ·Î
¾²°í °³ÀÛÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö½è´Â°¡ ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§Çؼ, ¿ì¸®´Â º¹ÀâÇÑ ±×µé ¹ÎÁ· üÇèÀÇ ±â·ÏÀ» °£´ÜÈ÷ »ìÆ캸¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
À¯´ëÀÎÀº ½ÅÇÐÀ» ¶°³ª¼ Àλý¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Àû´çÇÑ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃÅ°Áö ¸øÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±â¾ïÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ
Á˸¦ ÁöÀ¸¸é ²ûÂïÇÑ ¹úÀ» ¹Þ°í, ¾Æ¿ï·¯ ¿Ã¹Ù¸£¸é ½ÅÀÌ º¸»óÇÑ´Ù´Â °³³ä, ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¿¡ÁýÆ®ÀÎÀÇ °³³ä°ú ¾¾¸§Çß´Ù.
¿éÀÇ ¿¬±ØÀº ÀÌ ±×¸©µÈ öÇп¡ ¸Â¼± ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ Ç×°Å¿´´Ù. Àüµµ¼¿¡ ´ã±ä ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÑ ºñ°ü·ÐÀº ¼·¸®¸¦ ¹Ï´Â Áö³ªÄ£ ÀÌ
³«°üÀû ½Å¾Ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀ, 󼼿¡ Çö¸íÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀÀ̾ú´Ù.
97:8.3 (1071.1) ±×·¯³ª ¿Ü·¡ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚÀÇ ¾ÐÁ¦ ¹Ø¿¡¼ Áö³½ 5¹é ³âÀº ÂüÀ»¼º ÀÖ°í ¿À·¡ °ßµð´Â À¯´ëÀο¡°Ôµµ
³Ê¹« Áö³ªÃÆ´Ù. ¼±ÁöÀÚ¿Í »çÁ¦µéÀº ¿ÜÄ¡±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù: ¡°¾ðÁ¦±îÁö, ¾Æ ÁÖ¿©, ¾ðÁ¦±îÁö´ÏÀ̱î?¡± ¼º¼¸¦ Ž±¸ÇÏ´Â
µ¿¾È¿¡, Á¤Á÷ÇÑ À¯´ëÀÎÀÇ È¥¶õÀº ´õ¿í ½ÉÇØÁ³´Ù. ¾î´À ¿¾ ¿¹¾ðÀÚ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ±×°¡ ¡°ÅÃÇÑ ¹é¼º¡±À» º¸È£ÇÏ°í ±¸¿øÇϸ®¶ó°í
¾à¼ÓÇß´Ù. ¾Æ¸ð½º´Â ±×µéÀÌ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ¿Ã¹Ù¸§ÀÇ ±âÁØÀ» ´Ù½Ã ¼¼¿ìÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é, Çϳª´ÔÀÌ À̽º¶ó¿¤À» ¹ö¸± °ÍÀ̶ó Àü¿¡
À§ÇùÇß´Ù. ½Å¸í±âÀÇ ¼±â°üÀº¡ª¼±°ú ¾Ç, Ãູ°ú ÀúÁÖ¿Í °°ÀÌ¡ªÅ« ¼±ÅÃÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ¹¦»çÇÏ¿´´Ù. ù ÀÌ»ç¾ß´Â ÀÎÀÚÇÑ
ÀÓ±ÝÀÌÀÚ ±¸¿øÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼³ÆÄÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿¹·¹¹Ì¾ß´Â ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ¸¶À½À» °¡Áö´Â¡ª°¡½¿ ¼Ó ¼ÆÇ¿¡ ¾à¼ÓÀ» Àû´Â¡ª½Ã´ë¸¦ ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
µÑ° ÀÌ»ç¾ß´Â Èñ»ý¹°À» ¹ÙÄ¡°í ´ë¼ÓÇÔÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±¸¿ø¹Þ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸»Çß´Ù. ¿¡½º°ÖÀº Çå½ÅÀû ºÀ»ç¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ±¸¿ø¹ÞÀ½À»
¼±Æ÷Çß°í, ¿¡Áî¶ó´Â À²¹ýÀ» ÁöÅ´À¸·Î ¹ø¿µÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¸ðµç ÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥µµ, ±×µéÀº ¼Ó¹ÚµÈ
ä·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ°í, ±¸¿øÀº µÚ·Î ¹Ì·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼ ´Ù´Ï¿¤Àº ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ¡°À§±â¡±¡ªÅ« Çü»óÀ» ±ú¶ß¸®°í ¿µ¿øÇÑ
¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ÅëÄ¡, Áï ¸Þ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ Áï½Ã ¼¼¿öÁö´Â °Í¡ªÀ» ¹¦»çÇÏ´Â °¢º»À» Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù.
97:8.4 (1071.2) ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÅÁþµÈ ¼Ò¸ÁÀÌ ±× ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ ½Ç¸ÁÇÏ°í ÁÂÀýÇÏ´Â Áö°æ±îÁö À̲ø¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, À¯´ëÀÎ
ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº ³Ê¹« Çê°¥·Á¼ ½Å´Ù¿î ÆĶó´ÙÀ̽º ¾ÆµéÀÌ ÇÊ»ç À°Ã¼ÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ÀÔ°í¡ª»ç¶÷ÀÇ ¾Æµé·Î À°½ÅȵǾ±Ý¹æ ±×µé¿¡°Ô
¿ÔÀ» ¶§, ±×¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æº¸°í ±×ÀÇ »ç¸í°ú ºÀ»ç¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.
97:8.5 (1071.3) ¸ðµç Çö´ë Á¾±³´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿ª»çÀÇ ¾î¶² ½Ã´ë¸¦ ±âÀûÀ¸·Î Çؼ®ÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö¾¸À¸·Î ½É°¢ÇÑ
½Ç¼ö¸¦ ÀúÁú·¯ ¿Ô´Ù. Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ¼·¸®·Î ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ °£¼·ÇÏ´Â ¼ÕÀ» ¿©·¯ ¹ø Àΰ£»çÀÇ È帧 ¼Ó¿¡ ¹Ð¾î³ÖÀº °ÍÀÌ Âü¸»ÀÌÁö¸¸,
½ÅÇÐÀÇ µ¶´Ü(Ô¼Ó¨)°ú Á¾±³Àû ¹Ì½ÅÀ» ÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿ª»çÀÇ È帧 ¼Ó¿¡¼ ±âÀû ÇàÀ§·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ÃÊÀÚ¿¬Àû ħÀü¹°·Î
°£ÁÖÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº À߸øÀÌ´Ù. ¡°ÃÖ°íÀÚµéÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ³ª¶ó¿¡¼ ´Ù½º¸°´Ù¡±´Â »ç½ÇÀº ¼¼¼ÓÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ À̸¥¹Ù ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¿ª»ç·Î
¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
97:8.6 (1071.4) ½Å¾àÀÇ ÀúÀÚ¿Í ÈÄÀÏ¿¡ ±âµ¶±³ ÀÛ°¡µéÀº À¯´ëÀÎ ¼±ÁöÀÚµéÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÀû Á¸Àç·Î ¸¸µé·Á´Â
½Ãµµ·Î, ¶æÀº ÁÁ¾ÒÁö¸¸ È÷ºê¸®ÀÎ ¿ª»çÀÇ ¿Ö°î(èàÍØ)À» ´õ¿í ±î´Ù·Ó°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ÀÌó·³ È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ¿ª»ç´Â À¯´ëÀÎ
ÀúÀÚ¿Í ±âµ¶±³ ÀúÀڵ鿡°Ô ºñÂüÇÏ°Ô ÀÌ¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. Çö¼¼ÀÇ È÷ºê¸®ÀÎ ¿ª»ç´Â öÀúÈ÷ ±³¸®ÈµÇ¾ú´Ù. ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¿ª»ç¶ó´Â
Ç㱸·Î ¹Ù²î¾ú°í, À̸¥¹Ù ±âµ¶±³ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ µµ´ö °³³ä°ú Á¾±³Àû °¡¸£Ä§°ú Çì¾î³¯ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ Çѵ¥ ¹ÀÌ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
97:8.7 (1071.5) È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ Áß´ëÇÑ ½ÃÁ¡À» °£´ÜÈ÷ µÇ»õ±â´Â °ÍÀº ±× ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ Çö¼¼ÀÇ
¿ª»ç¸¦ ²Ù¸ç³½ ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¿ª»ç·Î ¹Ù²Ù·Á°í À¯´ëÀÎ »çÁ¦µéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ±â·ÏµÈ »ç½ÇÀ» ¹Ùºô·Ð¿¡¼ ¶â¾î °íÃƴ°¡ º¸¿©ÁÙ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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8. Sacred and Profane
History
97:8.1 The custom of looking upon the record
of the experiences of the Hebrews as sacred history and upon
the transactions of the rest of the world as profane history
is responsible for much of the confusion existing in the human
mind as to the interpretation of history. And this difficulty
arises because there is no secular history of the Jews. After
the priests of the Babylonian exile had prepared their new record
of God's supposedly miraculous dealings with the Hebrews, the
sacred history of Israel as portrayed in the Old Testament,
they carefully and completely destroyed the existing records
of Hebrew affairs-such books as "The Doings of the Kings
of Israel" and "The Doings of the Kings of Judah,"
together with several other more or less accurate records of
Hebrew history.
97:8.2 In order to understand how the devastating pressure and
the inescapable coercion of secular history so terrorized the
captive and alien-ruled Jews that they attempted the complete
rewriting and recasting of their history, we should briefly
survey the record of their perplexing national experience. It
must be remembered that the Jews failed to evolve an adequate
nontheologic philosophy of life. They struggled with their original
and Egyptian concept of divine rewards for righteousness coupled
with dire punishments for sin. The drama of Job was something
of a protest against this erroneous philosophy. The frank pessimism
of Ecclesiastes was a worldly wise reaction to these overoptimistic
beliefs in Providence.
97:8.3 But five hundred years of the overlordship of alien rulers
was too much for even the patient and long-suffering Jews. The
prophets and priests began to cry: "How long, O Lord, how
long?" As the honest Jew searched the Scriptures, his confusion
became worse confounded. An olden seer promised that God would
protect and deliver his "chosen people." Amos had
threatened that God would abandon Israel unless they re-established
their standards of national righteousness. The scribe of Deuteronomy
had portrayed the Great Choice-as between the good and the evil,
the blessing and the curse. Isaiah the first had preached a
beneficent king-deliverer. Jeremiah had proclaimed an era of
inner righteousness-the covenant written on the tablets of the
heart. The second Isaiah talked about salvation by sacrifice
and redemption. Ezekiel proclaimed deliverance through the service
of devotion, and Ezra promised prosperity by adherence to the
law. But in spite of all this they lingered on in bondage, and
deliverance was deferred. Then Daniel presented the drama of
the impending "crisis"-the smiting of the great image
and the immediate establishment of the everlasting reign of
righteousness, the Messianic kingdom.
97:8.4 And all of this false hope led to such a degree of racial
disappointment and frustration that the leaders of the Jews
were so confused they failed to recognize and accept the mission
and ministry of a divine Son of Paradise when he presently came
to them in the likeness of mortal flesh¡ªincarnated as the Son
of Man.
97:8.5 All modern religions have seriously blundered in the
attempt to put a miraculous interpretation on certain epochs
of human history. While it is true that God has many times thrust
a Father's hand of providential intervention into the stream
of human affairs, it is a mistake to regard theologic dogmas
and religious superstition as a supernatural sedimentation appearing
by miraculous action in this stream of human history. The fact
that the "Most Highs rule in the kingdoms of men"
does not convert secular history into so-called sacred history.
97:8.6 New Testament authors and later Christian writers further
complicated the distortion of Hebrew history by their well-meant
attempts to transcendentalize the Jewish prophets. Thus has
Hebrew history been disastrously exploited by both Jewish and
Christian writers. Secular Hebrew history has been thoroughly
dogmatized. It has been converted into a fiction of sacred history
and has become inextricably bound up with the moral concepts
and religious teachings of the so-called Christian nations.
97:8.7 A brief recital of the high points in Hebrew history
will illustrate how the facts of the record were so altered
in Babylon by the Jewish priests as to turn the everyday secular
history of their people into a fictitious and sacred history.
|
9.
È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ¿ª»ç
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Á¸ÀçÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¡°±×¸®°í À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ ¾ÆµéµþÀº °¡³ª¾È Á·¼Ó »çÀÌ¿¡¼ »ì¾Ò´õ¶ó. À̽º¶ó¿¤ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀúÈñÀÇ µþµéÀ»
¾Æ³»·Î »ï°í, Àڱ⠵þµéÀ» °¡³ª¾È Á·¼ÓÀÇ ¾Æµéµé¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾ú´õ¶ó.¡± È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÌ °¡³ª¾È Á·¼ÓÀ» ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸Àο¡¼ ¸ô¾Æ³Â´Ù°í
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À¯´ëÀÎ ÀǽÄÀº ³²ÂÊ À¯´ÙÀÇ ¾¾Á·¿¡¼ »ý°å´Ù. À¯´ëÀÎ(À¯´Ù »ç¶÷)Àº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ºÏÂÊ À̽º¶ó¿¤ (¿¡ºê¶óÀÓ) »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
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97:9.3 (1072.1) °úÀåµÈ È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ¿ª»ç´Â ¾Ï¸ó Á·¼ÓÀÌ ¿ä´Ü ° µ¿ÂÊ¿¡ »ç´Â µ¿Æ÷ ºÎÁ· »ç¶÷µé¡ª±æ¸£¾Ñ
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ÀûÀ» ¹«Âñ·¶°í, ÀÌ °øÈÆÀÌ »êÁöÀÇ ºÎÁ·µé¿¡°Ô ±×¸¦ ÀÓ±ÝÀ¸·Î ¸¸µéµµ·Ï À̲ø¾ú´Ù. Ãß¹æµÈ »çÁ¦µéÀÌ ÀÌ À̾߱⸦
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97:9.5 (1072.3) À¯´ëÀÎ ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ °¡Àå Å« ¿Ö°îÀº ´ÙÀ°ú »ó°üÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. »ç¿ïÀÌ ¾Ï¸ó Á·¼ÓÀ» ¹«Â
µÚ¿¡ (ÀÌ °øÀ» ±×´Â ¾ß¿þ¿¡°Ô µ¹·ÈÁö¸¸), Çʸ®½ºÆ¼¾Æ Á·¼ÓÀÌ ³î¶ó¼ ºÏÂÊ ¾¾Á·µéÀ» °ø°ÝÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ´ÙÀ°ú
»ç¿ïÀº °áÄÚ ¶æÀ» Çѵ¥ ¸ðÀ» ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. 6¹é ¸íÀ» °Å´À¸° ´ÙÀÀº Çʸ®½ºÆ¼¾Æ ¿¬¸Í¿¡ µé¾î°¬°í, ¹Ù´å°¡¸¦ µû¶ó¼
¿¡½ºµå·¤·Ð±îÁö ÇàÁøÇß´Ù. °¡½º¿¡¼ Çʸ®½ºÆ¼¾Æ Á·¼ÓÀÌ ´ÙÀ¿¡°Ô µéÀ» ¶°³ª¶ó°í ¸í·ÉÇß°í, ±×µéÀº ±×°¡ »ç¿ï¿¡°Ô·Î
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±×µéÀº ÀÌ·± ÁþÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ´ÙÀÀÇ ±º´ë´Â ¿©·¯ ³ª¶ó ¸»À» ÇÏ´Â ºÒÆò²ÛÀÇ ÁýÇÕÀ̾ú°í, ´ëü·Î »çȸ¿¡ ÀûÀÀÇÏÁö
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97:9.6 (1072.4) »ç¿ïÀÌ ±æº¸¾Æ¿¡¼ Çʸ®½ºÆ¼¾Æ Á·¼Ó¿¡°Ô ÆйèÇÑ ºñ±ØÀº µÑ·¯½Ñ °¡³ª¾È Á·¼ÓÀÌ º¸±â¿¡,
¾ß¿þ¸¦ ½Åµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ³·Àº ÀÚ¸®·Î ¶³¾î¶ß·È´Ù. º¸ÅëÀº »ç¿ïÀÇ Æй踦 ¾ß¿þ¸¦ ¹è¹ÝÇÑ Å¿À¸·Î µ¹·È°ÚÁö¸¸, À̹ø¿¡
À¯´ÙÀÇ ÆíÁýÀÚµéÀº ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)À» À߸ø Ä¡¸¥ Å¿À¸·Î µ¹·È´Ù. ÀÌ ÆíÁýÀÚµéÀº ´ÙÀÀÇ ¿Õ±ÇÀ» ¼¼¿ì±â À§ÇÑ ¹è°æÀ¸·Î
»ç¿ï°ú »ç¹«¿¤ÀÇ ÀüÅëÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇß´Ù.
97:9.7 (1072.5) ´ÙÀÀº ±×ÀÇ ÀÛÀº ±º´ë¿Í ÇÔ²² È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ µµ½Ã°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ Çìºê·Ð¿¡¼ º»ºÎ¸¦ Â÷·È´Ù.
À̳» ±×ÀÇ µ¿·áµéÀº ±×¸¦ »õ À¯´Ù ¿Õ±¹ÀÇ ÀÓ±ÝÀ¸·Î ¼±Æ÷Çß´Ù. À¯´Ù´Â ´ëü·Î È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¿ä¼Ò¡ªÄˤý°¥·¾¤ý¿¹ºÎ½º
¹× ±âŸ °¡³ª¾È Á·¼Ó¡ªµé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. À̵éÀº À¯¸ñ¹Î¡ª¾ç Ä¡´Â »ç¶÷µé¡ªÀ̾ú°í, ±×·¡¼ È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯
°ü³ä¿¡ Ãæ½ÇÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº »ç¸·¿¡ »ç´Â ¾¾Á·µéÀÇ À̳äÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
97:9.8 (1072.6) ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¿ª»ç¿Í ¼¼¼ÓÀÇ ¿ª»çÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡Àº ´ÙÀ ÀÓ±ÝÀ» ¸¸µå´Â °Í¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ±¸¾à¿¡¼
¹ß°ßµÇ´Â µÎ °¡Áö ´Ù¸¥ À̾߱Ⱑ Àß ¼³¸íÇØ ÁØ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Á÷°è ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀÌ (±×ÀÇ ±º´ë°¡) ¾î¶»°Ô ±×¸¦ ÀÓ±ÝÀ¸·Î
¸¸µé¾ú´Â°¡ ÇÏ´Â ¼¼¼Ó À̾߱âÀÇ ÀϺΰ¡ »çÁ¦µéÀÌ ¸¸µç ±â·Ï¿¡ ¶æÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô ³²°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. À̵éÀº ³ªÁß¿¡ ½Å¼ºÇÑ
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97:9.9 (1072.7) ¾ÆÁÖ ¿©·¯ ¹ø »çÁ¦µéÀº, Çϳª´ÔÀÌ À̽º¶ó¿¤°ú °¡Áø ±âÀû°°Àº °Å·¡¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© Áö¾î³½
À̾߱⸦ ÁغñÇÑ µÚ¿¡, ±× ±â·Ï¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´ø Æò¹üÇÏ°í »ç½Ç¿¡ °ü°èµÇ´Â ¾ð±ÞÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¾ø¾ÖÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.
97:9.10 (1072.8) ´ÙÀÀº óÀ½¿¡ »ç¿ïÀÇ µþ, ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ¿¡µ¼ »ç¶÷ ³ª¹ßÀÇ °úºÎ, ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â
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À¯´ëÀÎÀ̱⺸´Ù ¿ÀÈ÷·Á À̹æÀÎÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·±µ¥µµ ¿¡ºê¶óÀÓÀÇ ¾ï¾Ð¹ÞÀº Àå·ÎµéÀÌ ³»·Á¿Í¼ ¡°±×¿¡°Ô ±â¸§À» ºÎ¾î À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ
ÀÓ±ÝÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù.¡± ±º»çÀû À§ÇùÀÌ ÀÖÀº µÚ¿¡, ´ÙÀÀº ±×¶§ ¿¹ºÎ½º Á·¼Ó°ú Á¶¾àÀ» ¸Î¾ú°í, ¿¬ÇÕ ¿Õ±¹ÀÇ ¼¿ïÀ»
¿¹ºÎ½º(¿¹·ç»ì·½)¿¡ ¼¼¿ü´Âµ¥, ÀÌ°÷Àº À¯´Ù¿Í À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ Áß°£ ÁöÁ¡¿¡ Æ°Æ°È÷ ´ãÀ» ½×Àº µµ½Ã¿´´Ù. Çʸ®½ºÆ¼¾Æ
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97:9.15 (1073.5) ´ÙÀÀÇ ºÎÆÐÇÑ Á¤Ä¡ Á¶Á÷Àº, È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ µµ´ö °ü½À¿¡ ¾î±ß³ª°Ô, ºÏÂÊ¿¡¼ ¶¥ÀÇ
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¼¼ ¿ÕÁ¶(èÝðÈ)°¡ Áö³ µÚ¿¡, À̽º¶ó¿¤Àº ¶¥À» »ç°í Æȱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ, µµ½ÃÀÇ ÀüÁ¦ ±ºÁÖÀÇ ÅëÄ¡¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¿À¹Ç¸®
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¼º°øÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.
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ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Å« ½Â¸®¸¦ °ÅµÐ µÚ¿¡ ±×´Â ºÏÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ¿ôµéÀ» Ä¡·Á°í µîÀ» µ¹·È°í, ¶È°°ÀÌ Å« Æй踦 ¸Àº¸¾Ò´Ù.
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ÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾ÆÀÚ¸®¾Æ¿´°í, ÀÌ»ç¾ß´Â ±×¸¦ ¿ô½Ã¾ß¶ó ºÒ·¶´Ù. ¿ô½Ã¾ß ÀÌÈÄ¿¡, ÇüÆíÀº ´õ¿í ³ªºüÁ³°í, À¯´Ù´Â ¾Æ¾¾¸®¾Æ
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97:9.23 (1074.5) ¼Ò³â ÀÓ±Ý ¸¶³´¼¼ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ ¹Ø¿¡¼ È°µ¿ÇÏ´ø, ½â°í ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ Á¤Ä¡°¡ ÀÏ´çÀÌ À¯´ÙÀÇ
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97:9.24 (1074.6) ±×·¯³ª ¹Ùºô·Ð¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ¾Æ¾¾¸®¾Æ¸¦ µµ¿ì·Á°í ³×ÄÚÀÇ ¸·°ÇÑ ±º´ë°¡ ¿¡ÁýÆ®¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ
¹Ù´å°¡¸¦ µû¶ó ¿Ã¶ó¿ÀÀÚ, ¿ä½Ã¾Æ°¡ ³ª°¡¼ °¨È÷ ±× ±º´ë¸¦ °¡·Î¸·À¸·Á°í ÇßÀ» ¶§, ÀÌ ½Ã´ë´Â ºñ±ØÀÇ ¸·À» ³»·È´Ù.
±×´Â ¼ÒÅÁµÇ¾î ¹ö·È°í, À¯´Ù´Â ¿¡ÁýÆ®¿¡ Á¶°øÀ» ¹ÙÄ¡´Â óÁö·Î ¶³¾îÁ³´Ù. ¹Ù¾ËÀÇ Á¤´çÀÌ ¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼ ´Ù½Ã ±Ç·ÂÀ»
Àâ¾Ò°í, ÀÌó·³ ÁøÂ¥ ¿¡ÁýÆ® Á¾»ìÀÌ°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼ ¹Ù¾Ë Á¤Ä¡°¡µéÀÌ ±ÃÀü°ú »çÁ¦¸¦ ¸ðµÎ Àå¾ÇÇÑ ½Ã±â°¡
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97:9.25 (1075.1) ´ÀºÎ°«³×»ìÀÌ ³×ÄÚ¸¦ ŸµµÇÑ µÚ¿¡, À¯´Ù´Â ¹Ùºô·ÐÀÇ ÅëÄ¡¸¦ ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, 10³âÀÇ
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97:9.29 (1075.5) ±×·¡¼ À¯´ë ¹ÎÁ·¿¡ °üÇÑ Áø½ÇÀº ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¿ª»ç·Î ¿©°Ü ¿Ô´ø ¸¹Àº °ÍÀÌ Æò¹üÇÑ ¼¼¼Ó
¿ª»ç¸¦ ÀûÀº ¿¬´ë±â¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾ÊÀ½À» µå·¯³½´Ù. À¯´ë±³ÀÇ Åä¾çÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±âµ¶±³°¡ ÀÚ¶ó³µÁö¸¸, À¯´ëÀÎÀº ±âÀûÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ
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°¢ÁÖ[2] 97:9.12 ÁÖ(¾ß¿þ)°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¡°¹Ù¾ËÀÌ µ¹ÆÄ¡±Çß´Ù´Â
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9. Hebrew
History
97:9.1 There never were twelve tribes of
the Israelites-only three or four tribes settled in Palestine.
The Hebrew nation came into being as the result of the union
of the so-called Israelites and the Canaanites. "And the
children of Israel dwelt among the Canaanites. And they took
their daughters to be their wives and gave their daughters to
the sons of the Canaanites." The Hebrews never drove the
Canaanites out of Palestine, notwithstanding that the priests'
record of these things unhesitatingly declared that they did.
97:9.2 The Israelitish consciousness took origin in the hill
country of Ephraim; the later Jewish consciousness originated
in the southern clan of Judah. The Jews (Judahites) always sought
to defame and blacken the record of the northern Israelites
(Ephraimites).
97:9.3 Pretentious Hebrew history begins with Saul's rallying
the northern clans to withstand an attack by the Ammonites upon
their fellow tribesmen-the Gileadites-east of the Jordan. With
an army of a little more than three thousand he defeated the
enemy, and it was this exploit that led the hill tribes to make
him king. When the exiled priests rewrote this story, they raised
Saul's army to 330,000 and added "Judah" to the list
of tribes participating in the battle.
97:9.4 Immediately following the defeat of the Ammonites, Saul
was made king by popular election by his troops. No priest or
prophet participated in this affair. But the priests later on
put it in the record that Saul was crowned king by the prophet
Samuel in accordance with divine directions. This they did in
order to establish a "divine line of descent" for
David's Judahite kingship.
97:9.5 The greatest of all distortions of Jewish history had
to do with David. After Saul's victory over the Ammonites (which
he ascribed to Yahweh) the Philistines became alarmed and began
attacks on the northern clans. David and Saul never could agree.
David with six hundred men entered into a Philistine alliance
and marched up the coast to Esdraelon. At Gath the Philistines
ordered David off the field; they feared he might go over to
Saul. David retired; the Philistines attacked and defeated Saul.
They could not have done this had David been loyal to Israel.
David's army was a polyglot assortment of malcontents, being
for the most part made up of social misfits and fugitives from
justice.
97:9.6 Saul's tragic defeat at Gilboa by the Philistines brought
Yahweh to a low point among the gods in the eyes of the surrounding
Canaanites. Ordinarily, Saul's defeat would have been ascribed
to apostasy from Yahweh, but this time the Judahite editors
attributed it to ritual errors. They required the tradition
of Saul and Samuel as a background for the kingship of David.
97:9.7 David with his small army made his headquarters at the
non-Hebrew city of Hebron. Presently his compatriots proclaimed
him king of the new kingdom of Judah. Judah was made up mostly
of non-Hebrew elements-Kenites, Calebites, Jebusites, and other
Canaanites. They were nomads-herders-and so were devoted to
the Hebrew idea of land ownership. They held the ideologies
of the desert clans.
97:9.8 The difference between sacred and profane history is
well illustrated by the two differing stories concerning making
David king as they are found in the Old Testament. A part of
the secular story of how his immediate followers (his army)
made him king was inadvertently left in the record by the priests
who subsequently prepared the lengthy and prosaic account of
the sacred history wherein is depicted how the prophet Samuel,
by divine direction, selected David from among his brethren
and proceeded formally and by elaborate and solemn ceremonies
to anoint him king over the Hebrews and then to proclaim him
Saul's successor.
97:9.9 So many times did the priests, after preparing their
fictitious narratives of God's miraculous dealings with Israel,
fail fully to delete the plain and matter-of-fact statements
which already rested in the records.
97:9.10 David sought to build himself up politically by first
marrying Saul's daughter, then the widow of Nabal the rich Edomite,
and then the daughter of Talmai, the king of Geshur. He took
six wives from the women of Jebus, not to mention Bathsheba,
the wife of the Hittite.
97:9.11 And it was by such methods and out of such people that
David built up the fiction of a divine kingdom of Judah as the
successor of the heritage and traditions of the vanishing northern
kingdom of Ephraimite Israel. David's cosmopolitan tribe of
Judah was more gentile than Jewish; nevertheless the oppressed
elders of Ephraim came down and "anointed him king of Israel."
After a military threat, David then made a compact with the
Jebusites and established his capital of the united kingdom
at Jebus (Jerusalem), which was a strong-walled city midway
between Judah and Israel. The Philistines were aroused and soon
attacked David. After a fierce battle they were defeated, and
once more Yahweh was established as "The Lord God of Hosts."
97:9.12 But Yahweh must, perforce, share some of this glory
with the Canaanite gods, for the bulk of David's army was non-Hebrew.
And so there appears in your record (overlooked by the Judahite
editors) this telltale statement: "Yahweh has broken my
enemies before me. Therefore he called the name of the place
Baal-Perazim." And they did this because eighty per cent
of David's soldiers were Baalites.
97:9.13 David explained Saul's defeat at Gilboa by pointing
out that Saul had attacked a Canaanite city, Gibeon, whose people
had a peace treaty with the Ephraimites. Because of this, Yahweh
forsook him. Even in Saul's time David had defended the Canaanite
city of Keilah against the Philistines, and then he located
his capital in a Canaanite city. In keeping with the policy
of compromise with the Canaanites, David turned seven of Saul's
descendants over to the Gibeonites to be hanged.
97:9.14 After the defeat of the Philistines, David gained possession
of the "ark of Yahweh," brought it to Jerusalem, and
made the worship of Yahweh official for his kingdom. He next
laid heavy tribute on the neighboring tribes-the Edomites, Moabites,
Ammonites, and Syrians.
97:9.15 David's corrupt political machine began to get personal
possession of land in the north in violation of the Hebrew mores
and presently gained control of the caravan tariffs formerly
collected by the Philistines. And then came a series of atrocities
climaxed by the murder of Uriah. All judicial appeals were adjudicated
at Jerusalem; no longer could "the elders" mete out
justice. No wonder rebellion broke out. Today, Absalom might
be called a demagogue; his mother was a Canaanite. There were
a half dozen contenders for the throne besides the son of Bathsheba-Solomon.
97:9.16 After David's death Solomon purged the political machine
of all northern influences but continued all of the tyranny
and taxation of his father's regime. Solomon bankrupted the
nation by his lavish court and by his elaborate building program:
There was the house of Lebanon, the palace of Pharaoh's daughter,
the temple of Yahweh, the king's palace, and the restoration
of the walls of many cities. Solomon created a vast Hebrew navy,
operated by Syrian sailors and trading with all the world. His
harem numbered almost one thousand.
97:9.17 By this time Yahweh's temple at Shiloh was discredited,
and all the worship of the nation was centered at Jebus in the
gorgeous royal chapel. The northern kingdom returned more to
the worship of Elohim. They enjoyed the favor of the Pharaohs,
who later enslaved Judah, putting the southern kingdom under
tribute.
97:9.18 There were ups and downs¡ªwars between Israel and Judah.
After four years of civil war and three dynasties, Israel fell
under the rule of city despots who began to trade in land. Even
King Omri attempted to buy Shemer's estate. But the end drew
on apace when Shalmaneser III decided to control the Mediterranean
coast. King Ahab of Ephraim gathered ten other groups and resisted
at Karkar; the battle was a draw. The Assyrian was stopped but
the allies were decimated. This great fight is not even mentioned
in the Old Testament.
97:9.19 New trouble started when King Ahab tried to buy land
from Naboth. His Phoenician wife forged Ahab's name to papers
directing that Naboth's land be confiscated on the charge that
he had blasphemed the names of "Elohim and the king."
He and his sons were promptly executed. The vigorous Elijah
appeared on the scene denouncing Ahab for the murder of the
Naboths. Thus Elijah, one of the greatest of the prophets, began
his teaching as a defender of the old land mores as against
the land-selling attitude of the Baalim, against the attempt
of the cities to dominate the country. But the reform did not
succeed until the country landlord Jehu joined forces with the
gypsy chieftain Jehonadab to destroy the prophets (real estate
agents) of Baal at Samaria.
97:9.20 New life appeared as Jehoash and his son Jeroboam delivered
Israel from its enemies. But by this time there ruled in Samaria
a gangster-nobility whose depredations rivaled those of the
Davidic dynasty of olden days. State and church went along hand
in hand. The attempt to suppress freedom of speech led Elijah,
Amos, and Hosea to begin their secret writing, and this was
the real beginning of the Jewish and Christian Bibles.
97:9.21 But the northern kingdom did not vanish from history
until the king of Israel conspired with the king of Egypt and
refused to pay further tribute to Assyria. Then began the three
years' siege followed by the total dispersion of the northern
kingdom. Ephraim (Israel) thus vanished. Judah-the Jews, the
"remnant of Israel"-had begun the concentration of
land in the hands of the few, as Isaiah said, "Adding house
to house and field to field." Presently there was in Jerusalem
a temple of Baal alongside the temple of Yahweh. This reign
of terror was ended by a monotheistic revolt led by the boy
king Joash, who crusaded for Yahweh for thirty-five years.
97:9.22 The next king, Amaziah, had trouble with the revolting
tax-paying Edomites and their neighbors. After a signal victory
he turned to attack his northern neighbors and was just as signally
defeated. Then the rural folk revolted; they assassinated the
king and put his sixteen-year-old son on the throne. This was
Azariah, called Uzziah by Isaiah. After Uzziah, things went
from bad to worse, and Judah existed for a hundred years by
paying tribute to the kings of Assyria. Isaiah the first told
them that Jerusalem, being the city of Yahweh, would never fall.
But Jeremiah did not hesitate to proclaim its downfall.
97:9.23 The real undoing of Judah was effected by a corrupt
and rich ring of politicians operating under the rule of a boy
king, Manasseh. The changing economy favored the return of the
worship of Baal, whose private land dealings were against the
ideology of Yahweh. The fall of Assyria and the ascendency of
Egypt brought deliverance to Judah for a time, and the country
folk took over. Under Josiah they destroyed the Jerusalem ring
of corrupt politicians.
97:9.24 But this era came to a tragic end when Josiah presumed
to go out to intercept Necho's mighty army as it moved up the
coast from Egypt for the aid of Assyria against Babylon. He
was wiped out, and Judah went under tribute to Egypt. The Baal
political party returned to power in Jerusalem, and thus began
the real Egyptian bondage. Then ensued a period in which the
Baalim politicians controlled both the courts and the priesthood.
Baal worship was an economic and social system dealing with
property rights as well as having to do with soil fertility.
97:9.25 With the overthrow of Necho by Nebuchadnezzar, Judah
fell under the rule of Babylon and was given ten years of grace,
but soon rebelled. When Nebuchadnezzar came against them, the
Judahites started social reforms, such as releasing slaves,
to influence Yahweh. When the Babylonian army temporarily withdrew,
the Hebrews rejoiced that their magic of reform had delivered
them. It was during this period that Jeremiah told them of the
impending doom, and presently Nebuchadnezzar returned.
97:9.26 And so the end of Judah came suddenly. The city was
destroyed, and the people were carried away into Babylon. The
Yahweh-Baal struggle ended with the captivity. And the captivity
shocked the remnant of Israel into monotheism.
97:9.27 In Babylon the Jews arrived at the conclusion that they
could not exist as a small group in Palestine, having their
own peculiar social and economic customs, and that, if their
ideologies were to prevail, they must convert the gentiles.
Thus originated their new concept of destiny-the idea that the
Jews must become the chosen servants of Yahweh. The Jewish religion
of the Old Testament really evolved in Babylon during the captivity.
97:9.28 The doctrine of immortality also took form at Babylon.
The Jews had thought that the idea of the future life detracted
from the emphasis of their gospel of social justice. Now for
the first time theology displaced sociology and economics. Religion
was taking shape as a system of human thought and conduct more
and more to be separated from politics, sociology, and economics.
97:9.29 And so does the truth about the Jewish people disclose
that much which has been regarded as sacred history turns out
to be little more than the chronicle of ordinary profane history.
Judaism was the soil out of which Christianity grew, but the
Jews were not a miraculous people.
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10.
È÷ºê¸® Á¾±³
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À¯´ëÀε鿡°Ô ¾à¼ÓÇß´Ù.
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Áö¹èÇÏ´Â À²¹ý¤ýÈñ»ý¹°¤ýÀǽÄÀÇ ±ÔÀ²¿¡ ¹ÀÌ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. Èñ»ý¹°À» ¹ÙÄ¡°í ¼ÓÁËÇÏ´Â ÀǽÄÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´À¶ó°í È÷ºê¸®
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»çÁ¦ÃþÀÇ ±ÔÀ²¤ý±ÔÄ¢¤ýÀǽÄÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ¿© µÑ° ÀÌ»ç¾ßÀÇ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ °³³äÀ» ¹°¸®ÃÆ´Ù.
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ÆøÁ¤Àº (´Ù´Ï¿¤¤ý¿¡½º°Ö¤ýÇа³¤ý¸»¶ó±â¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í) ¿µÀû ÁöµµÀÚµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¾ðÁ¦±îÁö³ª ÀÔÀ» ´Ù¹°°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×³¯ºÎÅÍ
¼¼·ÊÀÚ ¿äÇÑÀÇ ½ÃÀý±îÁö, ¿Â À̽º¶ó¿¤Àº ¿µÀû ÈÄÅð°¡ ½ÉÇØÁö´Â °ÍÀ» üÇèÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À¯´ëÀÎÀº ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö
°³³äÀ» °áÄÚ ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸®Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ µÚ 20¼¼±â¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁöµµ, ±×µéÀº ÀÌ ½Å °³³äÀ» ÁÙ°ð µû¶ú´Ù.
97:10.4 (1076.1) ÇÑ ¼¼´ë·ÎºÎÅÍ ´ÙÀ½ ¼¼´ë±îÁö ÀϽű³ÀÇ È¶ºÒÀ» ³Ñ°Ü ÁØ Ãæ½ÇÇÑ ¼±»ýµéÀÌ ²÷ÀÌÁö
¾Ê°í ¸ð¼¼·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼¼·ÊÀÚ ¿äÇѱîÁö À̾îÁ³°í, ÇÑÆí ±×µéÀº ÀýÁ¦ ¾ø´Â ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀ» ±×ħ ¾øÀÌ ²Ù¢°í, Á¾±³¸¦ »ó¾÷ÈÇÏ´Â
»çÁ¦µéÀ» ºñ³ÇÏ°í, ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¾ß¿þ, À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ ÁÖ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¼þ¹è¸¦ °í¼öÇ϶ó°í »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ´Ã ŸÀÏ·¶´Ù.
97:10.5 (1076.2) ÇÑ ±¹°¡·Î¼, °á±¹ À¯´ëÀÎÀº Á¤Ä¡Àû ½ÅºÐÀ» ÀÒ¾úÁö¸¸, ÇϳªÀÎ ¿ìÁÖÀÇ Çϳª´ÔÀ»
¼º½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¹Ï´Â È÷ºê¸® Á¾±³´Â Èð¾îÁø À¯¶ûÀÚµéÀÇ °¡½¿ ¼Ó¿¡ ÁÙ°ð »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¾±³°¡ »ì¾Æ³²Àº °ÍÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ
ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀÇ °¡Àå ³ôÀº °¡Ä¡ ±âÁØÀ» º¸Á¸Çϵµ·Ï È¿°ú ÀÖ°Ô ÀÛ¿ëÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. À¯´ë Á¾±³´Â ÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀ» º¸Á¸ÇßÁö¸¸,
Áø¸®ÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼ Áøº¸¸¦ À°¼ºÇÏ°í öÇÐÀ¸·Î âÁ¶Àû ¹ß°ßÀ» ºÏµ¸Áö ¸øÇß´Ù. À¯´ë Á¾±³´Â ¸¹Àº °áÇÔÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù¡ªÃ¶ÇÐÀÌ
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ºñ±³Çؼ, ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¾ß¿þ´Â ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°í, ¼±¸íÇÏ°í, °³ÀÎÀûÀÌ°í µµ´öÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
97:10.6 (1076.3) À¯´ëÀÎÀº °ÅÀÇ ¾Æ¹« ¹ÎÁ·µµ µû¸¥ ÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î, Á¤ÀǤýÁöÇý¤ýÁø¸®¤ý¿Ã¹Ù¸§À»
»ç¶ûÇßÁö¸¸, ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼ºÁúÀ» ÁöÀûÀ¸·Î ÆľÇÇÏ°í ¿µÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¸ðµç ¹ÎÁ· Áß¿¡¼ °¡Àå Àû°Ô ±â¿©ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
È÷ºê¸® ½ÅÇÐÀº ¼ºÀåÇÏ°í ½Í¾î ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò¾îµµ, ´Ù¸¥ µÎ ¼¼°è Á¾±³, ±âµ¶±³¿Í ¸ðÇϸ޵屳ÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ»
ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
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°¡Àå Å« °øÀûÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù: Æø¹ßÇÏ´Â ½Ã³ªÀÌ È»êÀÇ ½Å·É, ½Ã»ùÇÏ´Â ÀÜÀÎÇÑ ½Å·É, ¾ß¸¸½º·¯¿î ¾Ç±Í ¾ß¿þ¶ó´Â ¹Ì°³ÇÑ
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ÀηùÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö °³³äÀÌ µÇ±â±îÁö Á¡ÁøÀûÀÌÁö¸¸ °è¼ÓµÈ º¯È°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀÇ ÀÌ Çϳª´Ô °³³äÀº ±×ÀÇ ¾Æµé,
³×¹Ùµ· ¹Ì°¡¿¤ÀÌ Ä£È÷ ÁֽŠ°¡¸£Ä§°ú ÀÏ»ýÀÇ º»º¸±â·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ´õ¿í Ä¿Áö°í ¾ÆÁÖ ¾Æ¸§´ä°Ô È®´ëµÉ ¶§±îÁö, ¿ìÁÖÀÇ
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97:10.9 (1076.6) [³×¹Ùµ·ÀÇ ÇÑ ¸á±â¼¼µ¦ÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù.]
¡ãTop
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10. The
Hebrew Religion
97:10.1 Their leaders had taught the Israelites
that they were a chosen people, not for special indulgence and
monopoly of divine favor, but for the special service of carrying
the truth of the one God over all to every nation. And they
had promised the Jews that, if they would fulfill this destiny,
they would become the spiritual leaders of all peoples, and
that the coming Messiah would reign over them and all the world
as the Prince of Peace.
97:10.2 When the Jews had been freed by the Persians, they returned
to Palestine only to fall into bondage to their own priest-ridden
code of laws, sacrifices, and rituals. And as the Hebrew clans
rejected the wonderful story of God presented in the farewell
oration of Moses for the rituals of sacrifice and penance, so
did these remnants of the Hebrew nation reject the magnificent
concept of the second Isaiah for the rules, regulations, and
rituals of their growing priesthood.
97:10.3 National egotism, false faith in a misconceived promised
Messiah, and the increasing bondage and tyranny of the priesthood
forever silenced the voices of the spiritual leaders (excepting
Daniel, Ezekiel, Haggai, and Malachi); and from that day to
the time of John the Baptist all Israel experienced an increasing
spiritual retrogression. But the Jews never lost the concept
of the Universal Father; even to the twentieth century after
Christ they have continued to follow this Deity conception.
97:10.4 From Moses to John the Baptist there extended an unbroken
line of faithful teachers who passed the monotheistic torch
of light from one generation to another while they unceasingly
rebuked unscrupulous rulers, denounced commercializing priests,
and ever exhorted the people to adhere to the worship of the
supreme Yahweh, the Lord God of Israel.
97:10.5 As a nation the Jews eventually lost their political
identity, but the Hebrew religion of sincere belief in the one
and universal God continues to live in the hearts of the scattered
exiles. And this religion survives because it has effectively
functioned to conserve the highest values of its followers.
The Jewish religion did preserve the ideals of a people, but
it failed to foster progress and encourage philosophic creative
discovery in the realms of truth. The Jewish religion had many
faults-it was deficient in philosophy and almost devoid of aesthetic
qualities-but it did conserve moral values; therefore it persisted.
The supreme Yahweh, as compared with other concepts of Deity,
was clear-cut, vivid, personal, and moral.
97:10.6 The Jews loved justice, wisdom, truth, and righteousness
as have few peoples, but they contributed least of all peoples
to the intellectual comprehension and to the spiritual understanding
of these divine qualities. Though Hebrew theology refused to
expand, it played an important part in the development of two
other world religions, Christianity and Mohammedanism.
97:10.7 The Jewish religion persisted also because of its institutions.
It is difficult for religion to survive as the private practice
of isolated individuals. This has ever been the error of the
religious leaders: Seeing the evils of institutionalized religion,
they seek to destroy the technique of group functioning. In
place of destroying all ritual, they would do better to reform
it. In this respect Ezekiel was wiser than his contemporaries;
though he joined with them in insisting on personal moral responsibility,
he also set about to establish the faithful observance of a
superior and purified ritual.
97:10.8 And thus the successive teachers of Israel accomplished
the greatest feat in the evolution of religion ever to be effected
on Urantia: the gradual but continuous transformation of the
barbaric concept of the savage demon Yahweh, the jealous and
cruel spirit god of the fulminating Sinai volcano, to the later
exalted and supernal concept of the supreme Yahweh, creator
of all things and the loving and merciful Father of all mankind.
And this Hebraic concept of God was the highest human visualization
of the Universal Father up to that time when it was further
enlarged and so exquisitely amplified by the personal teachings
and life example of his Son, Michael of Nebadon.
97:10.9 [Presented by a Melchizedek of Nebadon.]
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