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5. »çÁ¦¿Í ÀÇ½Ä |
Á¦ 90 Æí
| Paper
90 Shamanism¡ªMedicine Men and Priests | |
90:0.1 (986.1)
Á¾±³Àû °üÇàÀÇ ÁøÈ´Â ±¸½½¸®±â, ȸÇÇ, ±Í½Å ÂѾƳ»±â, °¿ä¤ýÈÇؤý´Þ·¡±â·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¦¹° ¹ÙÄ¡±â, ÁËÁöÀº °ª ¹°¾î³»±â,
°ªÀ» Ä¡¸£°í µÇã±â¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö Áøº¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀ» Ä¡¸£´Â ±â¼úÀº ¿ø½Ã Á¾ÆÄÀÇ ÇüÅ·κÎÅÍ, ÁÖ¹°À» °ÅÃļ ¸¶¼ú°ú
±âÀû¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö º¯ÈµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹°ÁúÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇÏ´Â ¿µ¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ °³³äÀÌ °¥¼ö·Ï ´õ º¹ÀâÇØÁö´Â µ¥ ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ¿© ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)ÀÌ
´õ º¹ÀâÇØÁöÀÚ, ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÏ°Ô ÁÖ¼ú»ç¤ý»þ¸Õ¤ý»çÁ¦µéÀÌ ÀǽÄÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ¿´´Ù.
| The evolution
of religious observances progressed from placation, avoidance, exorcism,
coercion, conciliation, and propitiation to sacrifice, atonement,
and redemption. The technique of religious ritual passed from the
forms of the primitive cult through fetishes to magic and miracles;
and as ritual became more complex in response to man's increasingly
complex concept of the supermaterial realms, it was inevitably dominated
by medicine men, shamans, and priests. | |
90:0.2 (986.2)
¿ø½ÃÀÎÀÇ Áøº¸ÇÏ´Â °³³ä¿¡¼ °á±¹, ¿µ ¼¼°è´Â º¸Åë »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. »ç¶÷µé °¡¿îµ¥ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿¹¿ÜÀÎ
Àڵ鸸 ½Å¿¡°Ô ¸»¾¸À» µå¸± ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿µµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ Ưº°ÇÑ ³²ÀÚ³ª ¿©ÀÚÀÇ ¸»¸¸ µè°ï Çß´Ù. ÀÌó·³ Á¾±³´Â Â÷ÃûÂ÷Ãû
³²ÀÇ ¼ÕÀ» ºô¸®°Ô µÇ´Â »õ·Î¿î ±¹¸é¿¡ Á¢¾îµç´Ù. ¹Ýµå½Ã ÁÖ¼ú»ç³ª »þ¸ÕÀ̳ª[1] »çÁ¦°¡ ½ÅÀÚ¿Í ¼þ¹è ¹Þ´Â ´ë»ó »çÀÌ¿¡
³¢¾îµç´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ ü°èÀÇ Á¶Á÷µÈ Á¾±³ÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀº ÀÌ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼ ÁøÈÇÏ´Â ¹ßÀüÀ» °ÅÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Ù.
°¢ÁÖ[1] »þ¸Õ : »þ¸ÕÀº ÁÖ¼ú»ç·Î¼ ¿¾³¯ ¿ì¸®³ª¶óÀÇ ¹Ú¼ö³ª ¹«´çº¸´Ù »çȸÀû ÁöÀ§°¡ ³ô´Ù. | In the advancing
concepts of primitive man the spirit world was eventually regarded
as being unresponsive to the ordinary mortal. Only the exceptional
among humans could catch the ear of the gods; only the extraordinary
man or woman would be heard by the spirits. Religion thus enters
upon a new phase, a stage wherein it gradually becomes secondhanded;
always does a medicine man, a shaman, or a priest intervene between
the religionist and the object of worship. And today most Urantia
systems of organized religious belief are passing through this level
of evolutionary development. | |
90:0.3 (986.3)
ÁøÈ Á¾±³´Â ´Ü¼øÇÏ°í ¿ÂÅë °·ÂÇÑ µÎ·Á¿ò¿¡¼ »ý°Ü³ª°í, ÀÌ µÎ·Á¿òÀº ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â °Í, ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Í, ÀÌÇØÇÒ
¼ö ¾ø´Â °Í¿¡ ºÎµúÃÆÀ» ¶§ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¸¦ ÅëÇؼ ¼Ú±¸Ä£´Ù. ±Ã±Ø¿¡ Á¾±³´Â Àü´ÉÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ» ¸Å¿ì ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±ú´Ý´Â °æÁö¿¡
À̸£¸ç, Àΰ£ÀÇ È¥ÀÌ ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ¾ÆµéµéÀ» ÇѾøÀÌ »ç¶ûÇÑ´Ù´Â °³³äÀ» ±ú¿ìÄ¥ ¶§, ÀÌ »ç¶ûÀº °ßµô ¼ö ¾øÀÌ
±× È¥À» ÈÛ¾´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¾±³Àû ÁøÈÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ°ú ÀýÁ¤ »çÀÌ¿¡´Â »þ¸ÕÀÌ ÆÇÄ¡´Â ±ä ¼¼¿ùÀÌ ³¢¸ç, À̵éÀº »ç¶÷°ú Çϳª´Ô
»çÀÌ¿¡ Áß°³ÀÚ¤ýÅ뿪ÀÚ¤ýÁßÀçÀڷμ ÁÖÁ¦³Ñ°Ô ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù.
| Evolutionary
religion is born of a simple and all-powerful fear, the fear which
surges through the human mind when confronted with the unknown,
the inexplicable, and the incomprehensible. Religion eventually
achieves the profoundly simple realization of an all-powerful love,
the love which sweeps irresistibly through the human soul when awakened
to the conception of the limitless affection of the Universal Father
for the sons of the universe. But in between the beginning and the
consummation of religious evolution, there intervene the long ages
of the shamans, who presume to stand between man and God as intermediaries,
interpreters, and intercessors. |
90:1.1 (986.4) »þ¸ÕÀº »ó±Þ ÁÖ¼ú»ç¿ä, ¿¹½ÄÀ» ¸Ã´Â ÁÖ¹° Àΰ£ÀÌ¿ä, ÁøÈ Á¾±³ÀÇ ¸ðµç °ü½À¿¡¼ ÃÊÁ¡ÀÌ µÇ´Â Àι°À̾ú´Ù. ¸¹Àº Áý´Ü¿¡¼ »þ¸ÕÀº ÀüÀï ÃßÀ庸´Ù ³ô¾Ò´Âµ¥, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±³È¸°¡ ±¹°¡¸¦ Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ½Ã´ë°¡ ½ÃÀÛµÈ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¸°´Ù. »þ¸ÕÀº ¶§¶§·Î »çÁ¦·Î¼, ¾Æ´Ï »çÁ¦ÀÎ ÀÓ±ÝÀ¸·Î¼µµ È°µ¿ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÈÄÀÏÀÇ ¾î¶² ºÎÁ·µéÀº ÃʱâÀÇ »þ¸Õ ÁÖ¼ú»ç(Á¡ÀïÀÌ)¿Í ³ªÁß¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â »þ¸Õ »çÁ¦¸¦ ¸ðµÎ °¡Á³´Ù. ¿©·¯ °æ¿ì¿¡ »þ¸ÕÀÇ Á÷Ã¥Àº »ó¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù.
| 1. The First Shamans¡ªThe Medicine Men The shaman was the ranking medicine man, the ceremonial fetishman, and the focus personality for all the practices of evolutionary religion. In many groups the shaman outranked the war chief, marking the beginning of the church domination of the state. The shaman sometimes functioned as a priest and even as a priest-king. Some of the later tribes had both the earlier shaman-medicine men (seers) and the later appearing shaman-priests. And in many cases the office of shaman became hereditary. | |
90:1.2 (986.5)
¿¾³¯¿¡ ÀÌ»óÇÑ °ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̳ª ±Í½Å¿¡ µé·È´Ù°í º¸¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¾î¶² ³î¶ó¿î ±âÇü(Ðôû¡), Á¤½ÅÀ̳ª À°Ã¼ÀÇ ±âÇüÀº, ÁÖ¼ú»ç°¡
µÇ´Â ÀÚ°ÝÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌµé °¡¿îµ¥ ¸¹Àº ³²ÀÚ°¡ Áö¶öº´À» °¡Á³°í, ¸¹Àº ¿©ÀÚ°¡ È÷½ºÅ׸®°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ Á¾·ù´Â ½Å°ú ¾Ç¸¶¿¡
µé¸° °Í »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿¾ÀûÀÇ ¿µ°¨(ÖÄÊï)ÀÇ »ó´ç ºÎºÐÀ» ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. ¿¾³¯ºÎÅÍ ÀÖ´ø »çÁ¦µéÀÇ »ó´ç¼ö°¡ ³ªÁß¿¡ ¸Á»óÁõ ȯÀÚ¶ó
ºÎ¸¥ µî±Þ¿¡ ¼ÓÇß´Ù.
| Since in olden
times anything abnormal was ascribed to spirit possession, any striking
mental or physical abnormality constituted qualification for being
a medicine man. Many of these men were epileptic, many of the women
hysteric, and these two types accounted for a good deal of ancient
inspiration as well as spirit and devil possession. Quite a few
of these earliest of priests were of a class which has since been
denominated paranoiac. | |
90:1.3 (987.1)
»ç¼ÒÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿¡¼ ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö¸¦ ½èÀ»Áö ¸ð¸£Áö¸¸, ´ë´Ù¼öÀÇ »þ¸ÕÀº ±×µéÀÌ ½Åµé·È´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ȲȦÇÑ »óųª ¸öÀÌ ±»¾îÁö´Â
¹ßÀÛ¿¡ ½º½º·Î ºüÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿©ÀÚ´Â °·ÂÇÑ »þ¸ÕÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡ ±×·± ¿©ÀÚµéÀº ¼±ÁöÀÚ¿Í ¿µ ¸Åü°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ
¸öÀÌ ±»¾îÁö´Â ȲȦÇÑ »óÅ´Â, ÁÖÀå¿¡ µû¸£¸é, Á×Àº »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±Í½Å°ú ±³ÅëÇÏ´Â µ¥ º¸Åë °ü·ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹µ ¿©ÀÚ »þ¸ÕÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ
Àü¹® Ãã²ÛÀ̾ú´Ù.
| While they
may have practiced deception in minor matters, the great majority
of the shamans believed in the fact of their spirit possession.
Women who were able to throw themselves into a trance or a cataleptic
fit became powerful shamanesses; later, such women became prophets
and spirit mediums. Their cataleptic trances usually involved alleged
communications with the ghosts of the dead. Many female shamans
were also professional dancers. | |
90:1.4 (987.2)
±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç »þ¸ÕÀÌ ½º½º·Î¿¡°Ô ¼ÓÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¸¹Àº »þ¸ÕÀÌ ´«Ä¡ ºü¸£°í À¯´ÉÇÑ »ç±â²ÛÀ̾ú´Ù. ±× Á÷¾÷ÀÌ ¹ßÀüÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó¼,
Dz³»±â´Â ÁÖ¼ú»ç ÀÚ°ÝÀ» ¾ò±â À§Çؼ ½Ã·Ã°ú ±Ø±â·Î 10³âÀÇ ¼¼¿ùÀ» °ß½À»ýÀ¸·Î ÀÏÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÇ¾ú´Ù. »þ¸ÕµéÀº Àü¹®
ÇüÅÂÀÇ º¹ÀåÀ» °³¹ßÇß°í ½Åºñ½º·¯¿î ÇàÀ§¸¦ Èä³»³Â´Ù. ±×µéÀº ºÎÁ· »ç¶÷µéÀ» °¨µ¿½ÃÅ°°í ½Åºñ½º·¯¿î ´À³¦ÀÌ µé°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¾î¶²
½ÅüÀû »óŸ¦ À¯µµÇÏ·Á°í ÈçÈ÷ ¸¶¾àÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇß´Ù. º¸Åë »ç¶÷µéÀº ³¯·£ ¼ÕÀçÁÖÀÇ ¹¦±â¸¦ ÃÊÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°å°í, ¾à»èºü¸¥
»çÁ¦µéÀº º¹È¼ú(ÜÜü¥âú)À» óÀ½À¸·Î ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿©·¯ ¿¾³¯ »þ¸ÕÀº ¶æÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô ÃÖ¸é¼ú°ú ¸¶ÁÖÃÆ°í, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÚ±â
¹è²ÅÀ» ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¶Õ¾îÁ®¶ó º½À¸·Î ÀÚ±â ÃÖ¸éÀ» À¯µµÇß´Ù.
| But not all
shamans were self-deceived; many were shrewd and able tricksters.
As the profession developed, a novice was required to serve an apprenticeship
of ten years of hardship and self-denial to qualify as a medicine
man. The shamans developed a professional mode of dress and affected
a mysterious conduct. They frequently employed drugs to induce certain
physical states which would impress and mystify the tribesmen. Sleight-of-hand
feats were regarded as supernatural by the common folk, and ventriloquism
was first used by shrewd priests. Many of the olden shamans unwittingly
stumbled onto hypnotism; others induced autohypnosis by prolonged
staring at their navels. | |
90:1.5 (987.3)
¸¹Àº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÌ ¼ú¼ö¿Í ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇßÁö¸¸, ÇϳªÀÇ µî±ÞÀ¸·Î¼ ±×µéÀÇ ¸í¼ºÀº °á±¹ °ÑÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³ ¾÷Àû¿¡ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
»þ¸ÕÀÌ ½ÃµµÇÑ ÀÏ¿¡ ½ÇÆÐÇßÀ» ¶§, ±×·²µíÇÑ º¯¸íÀ» ´Ã¾î³õÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸é, °µî(˽Ôõ)µÇ°Å³ª Á×À½À» ´çÇß´Ù. ÀÌó·³ Á¤Á÷ÇÑ
»þ¸ÕÀº ÀÏÂï À̽½·Î »ç¶óÁ³°í, ¿ÀÁ÷ ´«Ä¡ ºü¸¥ ¹è¿ìµé¸¸ »ì¾Æ³²¾Ò´Ù.
| While many
resorted to these tricks and deceptions, their reputation as a class,
after all, stood on apparent achievement. When a shaman failed in
his undertakings, if he could not advance a plausible alibi, he
was either demoted or killed. Thus the honest shamans early perished;
only the shrewd actors survived. | |
90:1.6 (987.4)
´ÄÀºÀÌ¿Í Èû¼¾ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡¼ ºÎÁ· »ç¹«ÀÇ µ¶Á¡ ÁöÈÖ¸¦ »©¾Ñ¾Æ ´«Ä¡ ºü¸¥ÀÚ, ¿µ¸®ÇÑ ÀÚ, ¼±°ßÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ÀÚÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ ´øÁ®
ÁØ °ÍÀº ÁÖ¼ú ½Å¾ÓÀ̾ú´Ù.
| It was shamanism
that took the exclusive direction of tribal affairs out of the hands
of the old and the strong and lodged it in the hands of the shrewd,
the clever, and the farsighted. |
90:2.1 (987.5) ¿µÀ» ºÒ·¯³»´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÆÁÖ Á¤¹ÐÇÏ°í »ó´çÈ÷ ±î´Ù·Î¿î ÀýÂ÷¿´°í, ¿¾³¯ÀÇ ¸»·Î ÇàÇØÁö´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ±³È¸ Àǽİú °ßÁÙ ¸¸ÇÏ´Ù. Àηù´Â ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ ÃÊÀΰ£Àû µµ¿ò, °è½Ã¸¦ Ãß±¸ÇÏ¿´°í, »ç¶÷µéÀº »þ¸ÕÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×·¯ÇÑ °è½Ã¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. »þ¸ÕµéÀº ÀÏÇÒ ¶§ ¾Ï½ÃÀÇ Å« ÈûÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇ߾, °ÅÀÇ º¯ÇÔ¾øÀÌ ±×°ÍÀº ¼Ò±ØÀû ¾Ï½Ã¿´´Ù. °Ü¿ì ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ¿Í¼¾ß Àû±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ¾Ï½Ã ±â¼úÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. »þ¸Õ Á÷¾÷ÀÌ ¹ßÀüÇÏ´Â Ãʱ⿡ ±×µéÀº ºñ ºÎ¸£±â, º´ °íÄ¡±â, ¹üÁË Ã£¾Æ³»±â¿Í °°Àº Á÷Á¾À¸·Î Àü¹®ÈÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª º´ °íÄ¡´Â °ÍÀº »þ¸Õ ÁÖ¼ú»çÀÇ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ±â´ÉÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×º¸´Ù Â÷¶ó¸® »ýÈ°ÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» ¾Ë°í ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
| 2. Shamanistic Practices Spirit conjuring was a very precise and highly complicated procedure, comparable to present-day church rituals conducted in an ancient tongue. The human race very early sought for superhuman help, for revelation; and men believed that the shaman actually received such revelations. While the shamans utilized the great power of suggestion in their work, it was almost invariably negative suggestion; only in very recent times has the technique of positive suggestion been employed. In the early development of their profession the shamans began to specialize in such vocations as rain making, disease healing, and crime detecting. To heal diseases was not, however, the chief function of a shamanic medicine man; it was, rather, to know and to control the hazards of living. | |
90:2.2 (987.6)
°í´ë¿¡ Á¾±³¿Í ¼Ó¼¼¿¡¼ ¾²ÀÎ È渶¼úÀº »çÁ¦³ª ¿¹¾ðÀÚ³ª »þ¸ÕÀ̳ª ÁÖ¼ú»çµéÀÌ ºÎ¸± ¶§ ¹é¸¶¼úÀ̶ó°í ºÒ·¶´Ù. È渶¼úÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Â
ÀÚ¸¦ ¸¶¹ý»ç¤ý¸¶¼ú»ç¤ý¿ä¼ú»ç¤ý¸¶³à¤ý¸¶¼úÀïÀ̤ý°½Å¼ú»ç¤ý¿ä¼úÀïÀ̤ýÁ¡ÀïÀÌ·Î ºÒ·¶´Ù. ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³ªÀÚ, ÀÚ¿¬À» ÃÊ¿ùÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â
±×·¯ÇÑ Á¢ÃËÀº ¸ðµÎ ¿ä¼úÀ̳ª ÁÖ¼ú·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ¾ú´Ù.
| Ancient black
art, both religious and secular, was called white art when practiced
by either priests, seers, shamans, or medicine men. The practitioners
of the black art were called sorcerers, magicians, wizards, witches,
enchanters, necromancers, conjurers, and soothsayers. As time passed,
all such purported contact with the supernatural was classified
either as witchcraft or shamancraft. | |
90:2.3 (987.7)
¸¶³àÀÇ ¸¶¹ýÀº ´õ ÀÏÂï ÀÖ´ø ºñÁ¤»óÀÌ°í ÀÎÁ¤¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀº ¿µµéÀÌ ºÎ¸®´Â ¸¶¼úÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇß´Ù. »þ¸ÕÀÇ ÁÖ¼úÀº º¸ÅëÀÇ ¿µ, ±×¸®°í
ºÎÁ·ÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ½ÅµéÀÌ ÇàÇÏ´Â ±âÀû°ú °ü°èµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÈÄÀÏ¿¡ ¸¶³à´Â ¾Ç¸¶¿Í ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú°í, ÀÌó·³ Á¾±³Àû ºÒ°ü¿ëÀ» ºñ±³Àû
ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ¸¹ÀÌ µå·¯³»´Â ¹«´ë°¡ ¸¶·ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸¶¼úÀº ¸¹Àº ¿ø½Ã ºÎÁ·¿¡°Ô Á¾±³¿´´Ù.
| Witchcraft
embraced the magic performed by earlier, irregular, and unrecognized
spirits; shamancraft had to do with miracles performed by regular
spirits and recognized gods of the tribe. In later times the witch
became associated with the devil, and thus was the stage set for
the many comparatively recent exhibitions of religious intolerance.
Witchcraft was a religion with many primitive tribes. | |
90:2.4 (987.8)
»þ¸ÕµéÀº ¿ì¿¬ÀÌ ¿µµéÀÇ ¶æÀ» µå·¯³»´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù°í Å©°Ô ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº Á¦ºñ¸¦ »Ì¾Æ¼ ÀÚÁÖ °áÁ¤À» ³»·È´Ù. ÀÌ Á¦ºñ»Ì´Â
¼ºÇâÀÌ Çö´ë¿¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¿¬ÀÌ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº ³ë¸§ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¶ÇÇÑ Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¡°¼ú·¡·Î µûµ¹¸®±â¡±ÇÏ´Â[2]
¿î¹®(ê¤Ùþ)¿¡¼µµ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù. ÇѶ§´Â µûµ¹¸²¹ÞÀº ¼ú·¡´Â Á×¾î¾ß Çß´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ±×·± »ç¶÷Àº ¾î¶² ¾î¸°¾ÆÀÌ ³îÀÌ¿¡¼ ¼ú·¡ÀÌ´Ù.
¿ø½ÃÀο¡°Ô ½É°¢ÇÑ ÀÏÀ̾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ Çö´ë¿¡ ¾î¸°¾ÆÀÌÀÇ ¿À¶ôÀ¸·Î »ì¾Æ³²¾Ò´Ù.
°¢ÁÖ[2] ¼ú·¹·Î µûµ¹¸®±â: ¼ýÀÚ¸¦ Ç®ÀÌÇÏ´Â ³ë·¡¿¡¼ ¸¶Áö¸· À½ÀýÀ» ºÎ¸£°Ô µÈ ¾ÆÀÌ°¡ ºüÁö´Â ³îÀÌ. | The shamans
were great believers in the mission of chance as revelatory of the
will of the spirits; they frequently cast lots to arrive at decisions.
Modern survivals of this proclivity for casting lots are illustrated,
not only in the many games of chance, but also in the well-known
" counting-out " rhymes. Once, the person counted out
must die; now, he is only it in some childish game. That which was
serious business to primitive man has survived as a diversion of
the modern child. | |
90:2.5 (988.1)
¡°»Í³ª¹« ²À´ë±â¿¡¼ ¹Ù½º¶ô°Å¸®´Â ¼Ò¸®¸¦ µéÀ» ¶§, ³Ê´Â ºÐ¹ßÇÒÁö¶ó¡±ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, ÁÖ¼ú»ç´Â ¡Á¶¿Í ÀüÁ¶¸¦ Å©°Ô ¹Ï¾ú´Ù.
Á¾Á·ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ »þ¸ÕµéÀº º°¿¡ ´«À» µ¹·È´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀÇ Á¡¼º¼úÀº ¼¼°è¿¡ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁø ¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ¿ä °ü½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù.
²ÞÀÇ Ç®À̵µ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ³´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °Í ÈÄ¿¡, Á×Àº ÀÚÀÇ ¿µ°ú ±³ÅëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â º¯´ö½º·¯¿î ¿©ÀÚ »þ¸ÕÀÌ µÚÀ̾î
³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù.
| The medicine
men put great trust in signs and omens, such as, "When you
hear the sound of a rustling in the tops of the mulberry trees,
then shall you bestir yourself." Very early in the history
of the race the shamans turned their attention to the stars. Primitive
astrology was a world-wide belief and practice; dream interpreting
also became widespread. All this was soon followed by the appearance
of those temperamental shamanesses who professed to be able to communicate
with the spirits of the dead. | |
90:2.6 (988.2)
°í´ë¿¡ ±â¿øÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±â¿ì»ç(Ñ·éëÞÔ)³ª õ±â(ô¸Ñ¨)¸¦ ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´Â »þ¸ÕÀº ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ùÀ» °ÅÃļ Á× ¹öƼ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ±Ø½ÉÇÑ
°¡¹³Àº ¿¾³¯ ³ó»ç²Û¿¡°Ô Á×À½À» ¶æÇß´Ù. ³¯¾¾¸¦ ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °í´ëÀÇ ¸¹Àº ¸¶¼úÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. ¹®¸íÈµÈ »ç¶÷Àº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ
´ëÈÇÒ ¶§ ³¯¾¾¸¦ º¸Åë À̾߱â°Å¸®·Î »ï´Â´Ù. ¿¾³¯ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸ðµÎ »þ¸ÕÀÌ ºñ¸¦ ³»¸®°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÈûÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾úÁö¸¸, ½ÇÆÐÇßÀ»
¶§ ¿Ö ½ÇÆÐÇߴ°¡ ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ±×·²µíÇÑ Çΰ踦 ³»³õÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸é, ±×¸¦ Á×ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ Ç³½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù.
| Though of ancient
origin, the rain makers, or weather shamans, have persisted right
on down through the ages. A severe drought meant death to the early
agriculturists; weather control was the object of much ancient magic.
Civilized man still makes the weather the common topic of conversation.
The olden peoples all believed in the power of the shaman as a rain
maker, but it was customary to kill him when he failed, unless he
could offer a plausible excuse to account for the failure. | |
90:2.7 (988.3)
·Î¸¶ÀÇ È²Á¦µéÀº °Åµì Á¡¼º°¡µéÀ» Ãß¹æÇßÁö¸¸, ´ëÁßÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÈûÀ» ¹Ï¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×µéÀº º¯ÇÔ¾øÀÌ µÇµ¹¾Æ¿Ô´Ù. ±×µéÀ»
ÂѾƳ¾ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú°í, ±×¸®½ºµµ µÚ 16¼¼±â¿¡µµ ¼¾ç¿¡¼ ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº Á¡¼º¼úÀÇ ÈÄ¿øÀÚ¿´´Ù. ÃѸíÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ´Â
Çã´ÙÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ, Çà¿îÀÇ º°À̳ª ºÒ¿îÀÇ º°ÀÇ Áö¹è¸¦ ¹ÞÀ¸¸ç »ç¶÷ÀÌ Å¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í, õüµéÀÌ ³ª¶õÈ÷ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¶¥¿¡¼
¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¸ðÇèÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ Á¿ìÇÑ´Ù°í ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ±Ó±¸¸Û ³ÐÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Á¡ÀïÀ̸¦ ÈÄ¿øÇÑ´Ù.
| Again and again
did the Caesars banish the astrologers, but they invariably returned
because of the popular belief in their powers. They could not be
driven out, and even in the sixteenth century after Christ the directors
of Occidental church and state were the patrons of astrology. Thousands
of supposedly intelligent people still believe that one may be born
under the domination of a lucky or an unlucky star; that the juxtaposition
of the heavenly bodies determines the outcome of various terrestrial
adventures. Fortunetellers are still patronized by the credulous.
| |
90:2.8 (988.4)
±×¸®½ºÀÎÀº ½ÅŹ(ãêöþ)ÀÇ Á¶¾ðÀÌ È¿·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú°í, Áß±¹ÀÎÀº ¸¶±Í·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸È£¸¦ ¹ÞÀ¸·Á°í ¸¶¼úÀ» ½èÀ¸¸ç, ÁÖ¼úÀº
Àεµ¿¡¼ ¹ø¼ºÇß°í ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Áß¾Ó ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ¹öÁ£ÀÌ Áö¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. ÁÖ¼úÀº ¼¼°èÀÇ ¸¹Àº °÷¿¡¼ µÎ·ç, °Ü¿ì ¿äÁîÀ½¿¡¾ß ¹ö¸°
°ü½ÀÀÌ´Ù.
| The Greeks
believed in the efficacy of oracular advice, the Chinese used magic
as protection against demons, shamanism flourished in India, and
it still openly persists in central Asia. It is an only recently
abandoned practice throughout much of the world. | |
90:2.9 (988.5)
¶§¶§·Î Âü ¼±ÁöÀÚ¿Í ¼±»ýµéÀÌ ÀϾ¼ ÁÖ¼ú ½Å¾ÓÀ» ºñÆÇÇÏ°í Æø·ÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. »ç¶óÁö´Â È«ÀÎÁ¶Â÷µµ Áö³ ¸î¹é ³â ¾È¿¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ
¼±ÁöÀÚ°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¼î´Ï Á·ÀÇ ÅÙ½ºÄ⟿ʹ žçÀÇ ÀϽÄ(ìíãÚ)ÀÌ 1808³â¿¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ» ¿¹¾ðÇß°í, ¹éÀÎÀÇ ¾Ç´öÀ» ºñ³ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Çã´ÙÇÑ ÂüµÈ ¼±»ýÀÌ ¿À·§µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ÁøÈ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ÅëÇؼ, ¿©·¯ ºÎÁ·°ú Á¾Á· »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ¾î¶² ½Ã´ëÀÇ »þ¸ÕÀ̳ª »çÁ¦°¡
´ëÁß(ÓÞñë) ±³À°À» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ°í °úÇÐÀÇ Áøº¸¸¦ ¸ÁÄ¡·Á°í ¾Ö¾²´õ¶óµµ ±×µé¿¡°Ô µµÀüÇÏ·Á°í ÂüµÈ ¼±»ýµéÀÌ ´Ã °è¼ÓÇؼ ³ªÅ¸³¯
°ÍÀÌ´Ù.
| Ever and anon,
true prophets and teachers arose to denounce and expose shamanism.
Even the vanishing red man had such a prophet within the past hundred
years, the Shawnee Teuskwatowa, who predicted the eclipse of the
sun in 1808 and denounced the vices of the white man. Many true
teachers have appeared among the various tribes and races all through
the long ages of evolutionary history. And they will ever continue
to appear to challenge the shamans or priests of any age who oppose
general education and attempt to thwart scientific progress. | |
90:2.10 (988.6)
¿©·¯ ¸é¿¡¼, ºø³ª°£ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î, ¿¾ »þ¸ÕµéÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¸ñ¼Ò¸®¿ä ¼·¸®ÀÇ º¸°üÀڷμ ¸í¼ºÀ» À¯ÁöÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº °«³¾Æ±â¿¡°Ô
¹°À» »Ñ·È°í, ±×µé¿¡°Ô À̸§À» ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ³²Àڵ鿡°Ô Çҷʸ¦ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ¸ðµç Àå·Ê½ÄÀ» ÁÖ°üÇß°í, Á×Àº ÀÚ°¡ ¿µ ³ª¶ó¿¡
¾ÈÀüÈ÷ µµÂøÇß´Ù°í °ø½ÄÀ¸·Î ¼±Æ÷Çß´Ù.
| In many ways
and by devious methods the olden shamans established their reputations
as voices of God and custodians of providence. They sprinkled the
newborn with water and conferred names upon them; they circumcised
the males. They presided over all burial ceremonies and made due
announcement of the safe arrival of the dead in spiritland. | |
90:2.11 (988.7)
»þ¸Õ »çÁ¦¿Í ÁÖ¼ú»çµéÀº, °ÑÀ¸·Î ¿µµé¿¡°Ô ¹ÙÄ¡´Â Á¦¹°ÀÎ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¿ä±ÝÀ» ÃàÀûÇÔÀ¸·Î ÈçÈ÷ ¾ÆÁÖ ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¶äÇÏÁö
¾Ê°Ô »þ¸ÕÀº ½ÇÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎÁ· Àç»êÀ» ´Ù ²ø¾î ¸ðÀ¸°ï Çß´Ù. ºÎÀÚ°¡ Á×°í ³ª¸é, ±×ÀÇ Àç»êÀ» »þ¸Õ°ú ¾î¶² °øÀÍ »ç¾÷À̳ª
ÀÚ¼±(í±à¼)¿¡ ¶È°°ÀÌ ³ª´©´Â °ÍÀÌ Ç³½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ °ü½ÀÀº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ƼºªÀÇ ¾î¶² ±¸¼®¿¡¼ ÇàÇØÁö´Âµ¥, °Å±â¿¡´Â ³²ÀÚ Àα¸ÀÇ
¹ÝÀÌ ÀÌ µî±ÞÀÇ ºñ»ý»êÀÚ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù.
| The shamanic
priests and medicine men often became very wealthy through the accretion
of their various fees which were ostensibly offerings to the spirits.
Not infrequently a shaman would accumulate practically all the material
wealth of his tribe. Upon the death of a wealthy man it was customary
to divide his property equally with the shaman and some public enterprise
or charity. This practice still obtains in some parts of Tibet,
where one half the male population belongs to this class of nonproducers.
| |
90:2.12 (989.1)
»þ¸ÕÀº ¿ÊÀ» Àß Â÷·Á ÀÔ¾ú°í, ¾Æ³»¸¦ º¸Åë ¸î¸í °Å´À·È´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ±ÍÁ·À̾ú°í, ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ¸ðµç Á¦ÇÑÀ» ¸éÁ¦¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.
±×µéÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ÈçÈ÷ ³·Àº µî±ÞÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¿Í µµ´öÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº °æÀïÀÚ¸¦ ¸¶³à³ª ¸¶¼ú»ç¶ó°í ºÒ·¯¼ ¾ï´·¶°í, ¾ÆÁÖ
ÈçÈ÷ ¿µÇâ·Â°ú ±Ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áø ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ¿Ã¶úÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¡¼ ÃßÀåÀ̳ª ÀÓ±ÝÀ» Áö¹èÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
| The shamans
dressed well and usually had a number of wives; they were the original
aristocracy, being exempt from all tribal restrictions. They were
very often of low-grade mind and morals. They suppressed their rivals
by denominating them witches or sorcerers and very frequently rose
to such positions of influence and power that they were able to
dominate the chiefs or kings. | |
90:2.13 (989.2)
¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº »þ¸ÕÀ» ÇÊ¿ä¾ÇÀ̶ó°í ¿©°å´Ù. »þ¸ÕÀ» ¹«¼¿öÇßÀ¸³ª »ç¶ûÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿¾³¯ »ç¶÷Àº Áö½ÄÀ» Á¸°æÇß°í, ÁöÇý¸¦
Á¸ÁßÇÏ°í ±× °ªÀ» Ä¡·¶´Ù. »þ¸ÕÀº ´ëü·Î »ç±â(Þñѧ)¿´Áö¸¸, ÁÖ¼úÀ» Á¸ÁßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Á¾Á·ÀÇ ÁøÈ¿¡¼ ÁöÇý¿¡ ¿ôµ·À» ÁöºÒÇßÀ½À»
Àß º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.
| Primitive
man regarded the shaman as a necessary evil; he feared him but did
not love him. Early man respected knowledge; he honored and rewarded
wisdom. The shaman was mostly fraud, but the veneration for shamanism
well illustrates the premium put upon wisdom in the evolution of
the race. |
90:3.1 (989.3) ¿¾³¯ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀڽŰú ¹°Áú ȯ°æÀÌ Á÷Á¢, ±Í½ÅÀÇ
º¯´ö°ú ¿µÀÇ Ãë¹Ì¿¡ ¹Î°¨ÇÏ´Ù°í º¸¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ±×ÀÇ Á¾±³°¡ ¹°ÁúÀû ÀÏ¿¡¸¸ ¼øÀüÈ÷ °ü°èµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÀÌ»óÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ
¾Æ´Ï´Ù. Çö´ëÀÎÀº ÀÚ±âÀÇ ¹°Áú ¹®Á¦¸¦ Á÷Á¢ °ø°ÝÇÑ´Ù. »ç¹°ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¸¦ ÃѸíÇÏ°Ô ¾²´Â µ¥ ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý´Â´Ù.
¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº ¹°¸®Àû ¿µÅä¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »ý¸í°ú ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ¼öÁ¤ÇÏ°í, ¾Æ´Ï ÅëÁ¦Çϱ⸦ ¹Ù¶ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿ìÁÖ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¿ø½ÃÀÎÀÇ ÀÌÇØ°¡ Á¦ÇÑµÈ °ÍÀº ±×·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±Í½Å¤ý¿µ¤ý½ÅµéÀÌ ¸ö¼Ò Á÷Á¢, »ý¸í°ú ¹°ÁúÀ» ³¹³¹ÀÌ ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â µ¥ °ü¿©ÇÑ´Ù´Â
°ü³äÀ¸·Î À̲ø¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ÀÌÄ¡¿¡ ¸Â°Ô ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº ÀÌ ÃÊÀΰ£ ¸Å°³ÀÚµéÀÇ ÀºÇý¿Í ÁöÁö¸¦ ¾òÀ¸·Á°í ³ë·ÂÀ» ±â¿ï¿´´Ù.
| 3. The Shamanic Theory of Disease and Death Since ancient man regarded himself and his material environment as being directly responsive to the whims of the ghosts and the fancies of the spirits, it is not strange that his religion should have been so exclusively concerned with material affairs. Modern man attacks his material problems directly; he recognizes that matter is responsive to the intelligent manipulation of mind. Primitive man likewise desired to modify and even to control the life and energies of the physical domains; and since his limited comprehension of the cosmos led him to the belief that ghosts, spirits, and gods were personally and immediately concerned with the detailed control of life and matter, he logically directed his efforts to winning the favor and support of these superhuman agencies. | |
90:3.2 (989.4)
ÀÌ °üÁ¡¿¡¼ ºñÃß¾î º¼ ¶§, °í´ëÀÇ Á¾ÆÄ ¿¹½Ä¿¡¼ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í ºñÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ¸¹Àº °ÍÀÌ ÀÌÇصȴÙ. Á¾ÆÄÀÇ ¿¹½ÄÀº ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀÌ
ÀڱⰡ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â ¹°Áú ¼¼°è¸¦ ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ·Á´Â ½Ãµµ¿´´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº ¸ñ¼ûÀ» ¿¬ÀåÇÏ°í °Ç°À» º¸ÀåÇÏ·Á´Â ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¹Àº ³ë·ÂÀ»
±â¿ï¿´´Ù. ¸ðµç º´°ú Á×À½ ±× ÀÚü°¡ ÃÖÃÊ¿¡´Â ¿µ Çö»óÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵǾú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, »þ¸ÕÀÌ ÁÖ¼ú»ç¿Í »çÁ¦·Î¼ È°µ¿Çϸé¼,
¶ÇÇÑ ÀÇ»ç(ì¢ÞÔ)¿Í ¿Ü°ú ÀÇ»ç·Î ¼ö°íÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇß´Ù.
| Viewed in this
light, much of the inexplicable and irrational in the ancient cults
is understandable. The ceremonies of the cult were primitive man's
attempt to control the material world in which he found himself.
And many of his efforts were directed to the end of prolonging life
and insuring health. Since all diseases and death itself were originally
regarded as spirit phenomena, it was inevitable that the shamans,
while functioning as medicine men and priests, should also have
labored as doctors and surgeons. | |
90:3.3 (989.5)
¿ø½ÃÀÎÀÇ ¸Ó¸®´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÏ¿© Àå¾Ö¸¦ ¹ÞÀ»Áö ¸ð¸£Áö¸¸, ±× ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ³í¸®°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. »ý°¢ ±íÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ º´°ú
Á×À½À» ÁöÄѺ¼ ¶§, ±×µéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °í³ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ» ±Ô¸íÇÏ´Â µ¥ Âø¼öÇÏ°í, ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â µ¥ µû¶ó¼, »þ¸Õ°ú °úÇÐÀÚ´Â °íÅë¿¡
°üÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ ¿©·¯ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ÁÖâÇÏ¿´´Ù:
| The primitive
mind may be handicapped by lack of facts, but it is for all that
logical. When thoughtful men observe disease and death, they set
about to determine the causes of these visitations, and in accordance
with their understanding, the shamans and the scientists have propounded
the following theories of affliction: | |
90:3.4 (989.6)
1. ±Í½Å¡ª¿µÀÇ Á÷Á¢ ¿µÇâ. º´°ú Á×À½À» ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â µ¥ °¡Àå ÀÏÂï Á¦±âµÈ °¡¼³Àº ¿µµéÀÌ È¥ÀÌ ¸ö¿¡¼ ³ª¿Àµµ·Ï À¯È¤ÇÔÀ¸·Î
º´À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°¸ç, È¥ÀÌ µ¹¾Æ°¡Áö ¸øÇϸé Á×À½ÀÌ µû¸¥´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿¾³¯ »ç¶÷µéÀº º´À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ±Í½ÅÀÌ ¾ÇÀÇ·Î ÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§¸¦
³Ê¹« ¹«¼¿öÇؼ, ÈçÈ÷ ¸ÔÀ» °ÍÀ̳ª ¹°µµ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê°í ¾ÆÇ »ç¶÷À» ¹ö·È´Ù. ±×¸©µÈ ±Ù°Å¿Í »ó°ü ¾øÀÌ, ÀÌ °ü³äÀº º´µç
»ç¶÷À» ½ÇÁúÀûÀ¸·Î °Ý¸®ÇÏ°í Àü¿°º´ÀÌ ÆÛÁö´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·¾Ò´Ù.
| 1. Ghosts-direct
spirit influences. The earliest hypothesis advanced in explanation
of disease and death was that spirits caused disease by enticing
the soul out of the body; if it failed to return, death ensued.
The ancients so feared the malevolent action of disease-producing
ghosts that ailing individuals would often be deserted without even
food or water. Regardless of the erroneous basis for these beliefs,
they did effectively isolate afflicted individuals and prevent the
spread of contagious disease. | |
90:3.5 (989.7)
2. Æø·Â¡ªºÐ¸íÇÑ ¿øÀÎ. ¾î¶² »ç°í³ª Á×À½ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀº È®ÀÎÇϱ⠾ÆÁÖ ½¬¿ü°í, ±×·¡¼ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀº ±Í½Å ÇàÀ§ÀÇ Á¾·ù·ÎºÎÅÍ
ÀÏÂï Á¦°ÅµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀüÀï, µ¿¹°°ú ½Î¿òÇϱâ, ±×¸®°í ±âŸ ±Ý¹æ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸Åüµé¿¡ µû¸£´Â »ç¸Á°ú »óó´Â ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î
ÀÏ·Î »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª º´ÀÌ ³´´Â µ¥ ¿À·¡ °É¸®°Å³ª, ¶Ç´Â ¡°ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î¡± ¿øÀÎÀ¸·Î »ý°Üµµ »óó°¡ °ò´Â °ÍÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷
¿µµé¿¡°Ô Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. °üÂûÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾Æ¹«·± ÀÚ¿¬ ¿äÀÎÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸é, ¿µ ±Í½ÅµéÀÌ ¿©ÀüÈ÷
º´°ú Á×À½¿¡ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸¾Ò´Ù.
| 2. Violence-obvious
causes. The causes for some accidents and deaths were so easy to
identify that they were early removed from the category of ghost
action. Fatalities and wounds attendant upon war, animal combat,
and other readily identifiable agencies were considered as natural
occurrences. But it was long believed that the spirits were still
responsible for delayed healing or for the infection of wounds of
even "natural" causation. If no observable natural agent
could be discovered, the spirit ghosts were still held responsible
for disease and death. | |
90:3.6 (990.1)
¿À´Ã³¯ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í ±âŸ Áö¿ª¿¡¼, Ⱦ»ç(üôÞÝ)°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ Á×À½ÀÌ ÀϾ ¶§¸¶´Ù ¾î¶² »ç¶÷À» Á×ÀÌ´Â ¿ø½Ã ¹ÎÁ·µéÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖ¼ú»ç´Â ÁË ÀÖ´Â ÆíÀ» ÁöÀûÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¸Ó´Ï°¡ ¾ÆÀ̸¦ ³º´Ù°¡ Á×À¸¸é, ±× ¾ÆÀÌ´Â Áï½Ã ¸ñ Á¹·Á Á×À½À»
´çÇß´Ù¡ªÇÑ ¸ñ¼ûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¸ñ¼ûÀ» °±´Â´Ù.
| Today, in
Africa and elsewhere may be found primitive peoples who kill someone
every time a nonviolent death occurs. Their medicine men indicate
the guilty parties. If a mother dies in childbirth, the child is
immediately strangled-a life for a life. | |
90:3.7 (990.2)
3. ¸¶¼ú¡ªÀûµéÀÇ ¿µÇâ. ¸¹Àº Áúº´ÀÌ ¿ä¼ú, °ð ¾ÇÇÑ ´«, ±×¸®°í ´©±¸¸¦ ÁöÀûÇÏ´Â ¸¶¼ú È°ÀÇ ÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© »ý±ä´Ù°í
»ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÇѶ§´Â ´©±¸¿¡°Ô ¼Õ°¡¶ôÁúÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Á¤¸»·Î À§ÇèÇß´Ù. ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¼Õ°¡¶ôÁúÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿¹ÀÇ¿¡ ¾î±ß³´Ù°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù.
ºÐ¸íÄ¡ ¾ÊÀº º´°ú Á×À½ÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡, ¿¾³¯ »ç¶÷µéÀº Á¤½ÄÀ¸·Î °Ë½ÃÇÏ°í, ½Ãü¸¦ ÇغÎÇÏ°í, ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀÌ
Á×À½ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ̶ó°í °áÁ¤À» ³»¸®°ï Çß´Ù. ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é Á×À½À» ¿ä¼úÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀ¸·Î µ¹¸®°ï ÇßÀ¸¸ç, µû¶ó¼ ±×¿¡ Ã¥ÀÓ ÀÖ´Â
¸¶³à¸¦ Á×ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇß´Ù. ¿¾³¯ °Ë½Ã°üÀÇ °Ë½Ã´Â ¸¶³à¶ó°í »ý°¢µÈ ÀÚµéÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ °ÇÁ³´Ù. ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼,
ºÎÁ· »ç¶÷Àº ½º½º·Î ¸¶¼úÀ» ¾´ °á°ú·Î Á×À» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú°í, ÀÌ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¾Æ¹«µµ °í¹ßµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
| 3. Magic-the
influence of enemies. Much sickness was thought to be caused by
bewitchment, the action of the evil eye and the magic pointing bow.
At one time it was really dangerous to point a finger at anyone;
it is still regarded as ill-mannered to point. In cases of obscure
disease and death the ancients would hold a formal inquest, dissect
the body, and settle upon some finding as the cause of death; otherwise
the death would be laid to witchcraft, thus necessitating the execution
of the witch responsible therefor. These ancient coroner's inquests
saved many a supposed witch's life. Among some it was believed that
a tribesman could die as a result of his own witchcraft, in which
event no one was accused. | |
90:3.8 (990.3)
4. ÁË¡ª±Ý±â À§¹Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ú. ºñ±³Àû ±Ù·¡¿¡ À̸£·¯, Áúº´Àº °³ÀÎÀ̳ª Á¾Á·ÀÌ ÀúÁö¸¥ ÁË¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹úÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌ ¼öÁØÀÇ Áøȸ¦ °ÅÄ¡´Â ¹ÎÁ·µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ À¯ÇàÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·ÐÀº, »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±Ý±â¸¦ ¾î±âÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸é Áúº´À¸·Î °í»ýÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áúº´°ú °íÅëÀ» ¡°±×µé ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Àü´ÉÀÚÀÇ È»ì¡±·Î ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ °ü³äÀÇ ÀüÇüÀÌ´Ù. Áß±¹Àΰú ¸Þ¼ÒÆ÷Ÿ¹Ì¾ÆÀÎÀº
¿À·§µ¿¾È º´ÀÌ ³ª»Û ¾Ç¸¶µéÀÌ ÇൿÇÑ °á°ú¶ó°í ¿©°å´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ °¥´ë¾ÆÀÎÀº ¶ÇÇÑ º°ÀÌ °íÅëÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ̶ó°í º¸¾Ò´Ù. ½ÅÀÌ
¼º³ °á°ú·Î Áúº´ÀÌ »ý±ä´Ù´Â ÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀº, ¹®¸íȵǾú´Ù°í ¼Ò¹®³ ¿©·¯ Áý´ÜÀÇ À¯¶õ½Ã¾ÆÀÎ »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ À¯ÇàÇÑ´Ù.
| 4. Sin-punishment
for taboo violation. In comparatively recent times it has been believed
that sickness is a punishment for sin, personal or racial. Among
peoples traversing this level of evolution the prevailing theory
is that one cannot be afflicted unless one has violated a taboo.
To regard sickness and suffering as "arrows of the Almighty
within them" is typical of such beliefs. The Chinese and Mesopotamians
long regarded disease as the result of the action of evil demons,
although the Chaldeans also looked upon the stars as the cause of
suffering. This theory of disease as a consequence of divine wrath
is still prevalent among many reputedly civilized groups of Urantians. | |
90:3.9 (990.4)
5. ÀÚ¿¬ ¿øÀÎ. Àηù´Â ¿¡³ÊÁö¤ý¹°Áú¤ý»ý¸íÀ» ´Ù·ç´Â ¹°¸®Àû ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼, ¿øÀΰú °á°úÀÇ »óÈ£ °ü°èÀÎ ¹°ÁúÀû ºñ¹ÐÀ» ¹è¿ì´Â
µ¥ ¾ÆÁÖ ´õµð¾ú´Ù. °í´ë ±×¸®½ºÀÎÀº ¾Æ´ã¼ÕÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÀüÅëÀ» °£Á÷Ç߱⠶§¹®¿¡, ¸ðµç º´ÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ¿øÀο¡¼ »ý±ä °á°úÀÎ
°ÍÀ» óÀ½À¸·Î ±ú´ÞÀº ÀÚ¿´´Ù. °úÇÐ ½Ã´ëÀÇ Àü°³´Â Áúº´°ú Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ù¿¡ °ÉÃÄ °¡Á³´ø ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ´À¸®°í
È®½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¹«³Ê¶ß¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿º´Àº ÃÊÀÚ¿¬Àû Áúȯ Á¾·ù·ÎºÎÅÍ Ã³À½À¸·Î Á¦°ÅµÈ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇÑ Áúº´À̾ú°í, Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î °úÇÐ
½Ã´ë´Â ¾ÆÁÖ ¿À·§µ¿¾È Àΰ£ÀÇ Áö¼ºÀ» °¡µÎ¾î µÎ¾ú´ø ±× ¹«ÁöÀÇ »ç½½À» ±ú¶ß·È´Ù. ³ë·É(ÒÇÖÆ)°ú Àü¿°À» ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
±Í½Å¤ý¿µ¤ý½ÅµéÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ ºñÂüÇÑ ÀÏ°ú ÇÊ»çÀÚÀÇ °íÅëÀ» ¸ö¼Ò ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù´Â, »ç¶÷ÀÇ µÎ·Á¿òÀ» Â÷Ãû ¾ø¾Ö¹ö¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù.
| 5. Natural
causation. Mankind has been very slow to learn the material secrets
of the interrelationship of cause and effect in the physical domains
of energy, matter, and life. The ancient Greeks, having preserved
the traditions of Adamson' s teachings, were among the first to
recognize that all disease is the result of natural causes. Slowly
and certainly the unfolding of a scientific era is destroying man's
age-old theories of sickness and death. Fever was one of the first
human ailments to be removed from the category of supernatural disorders,
and progressively the era of science has broken the fetters of ignorance
which so long imprisoned the human mind. An understanding of old
age and contagion is gradually obliterating man's fear of ghosts,
spirits, and gods as the personal perpetrators of human misery and
mortal suffering. | |
90:3.10 (990.5)
ÁøÈ´Â ¾î±è¾øÀÌ ±× ¸ñÀûÀ» ÀÌ·é´Ù. ÁøÈ´Â ¹ÌÁöÀÇ °ÍÀ» ¹Ì½ÅÀ¸·Î µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ°í º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ» ¹«¼¿öÇÏ´Â ¸¶À½À» »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô
ºÒ¾î³ÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ°ÍÀº Çϳª´Ô °³³äÀÌ »ý±â´Â ¹ßÆÇÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ½Å¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Áøº¸µÈ ÀÌÇØ°¡ »ý±â°í ³ª¼, ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ÁøÈ
±â¹ýÀº ³ª¶õÈ÷ ÀϾ´Â °è½ÃÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÅëÇؼ, ¾î±è¾øÀÌ »ý°¢ÀÇ ÈûÀ» ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ°Ô ¸¸µé¸ç, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¸ñÀûÀ» ÀÌ·ç´Â µ¥ ¾²ÀÎ
¹ßÆÇÀ» ¿ë¼ ¾øÀÌ ¾ø¾Ö¹ö¸± °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
| Evolution unerringly
achieves its end: It imbues man with that superstitious fear of
the unknown and dread of the unseen which is the scaffolding for
the God concept. And having witnessed the birth of an advanced comprehension
of Deity, through the co-ordinate action of revelation, this same
technique of evolution then unerringly sets in motion those forces
of thought which will inexorably obliterate the scaffolding, which
has served its purpose. |
4. Medicine Under the Shamans The entire life of ancient men was prophylactic; their religion was in no small measure a technique for disease prevention. And regardless of the error in their theories, they were wholehearted in putting them into effect; they had unbounded faith in their methods of treatment, and that, in itself, is a powerful remedy. | ||
90:4.2 (991.1)
ÀÌ ¿¾³¯ÀÇ ÇÑ »þ¸ÕÀÇ ¾î¸®¼®Àº º¸»ìÇËÀ» ¹Þ°í¼ ³´´Â µ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½Àº °á±¹, ÈÄÀÏ¿¡ ºñ°úÇÐÀû º´ Ä¡·á¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â ¾î¶²
ÈÄ°èÀÚÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡¼ Ä¡·á¹Þ´Â µ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½°ú ½ÇÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸£Áö ¾Ê´Ù.
| The faith
required to get well under the foolish ministrations of one of these
ancient shamans was, after all, not materially different from that
which is required to experience healing at the hands of some of
his later-day successors who engage in the nonscientific treatment
of disease. | |
90:4.3 (991.2)
´õ ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ ºÎÁ·µéÀº ¾ÆÇ »ç¶÷À» Å©°Ô ¹«¼¿öÇß°í, ¾ÆÇ »ç¶÷À» ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ù µ¿¾È ÁÖÀÇÇؼ ÇÇÇÏ°í, ºÎ²ô·´°Ôµµ ¼ÒȦÈ÷
ÇÏ¿´´Ù. »þ¸Õ Á÷Ã¥ÀÌ ÁøȵǾî Áúº´À» °íÄ¡°Ú´Ù°í Âù¼ºÇÏ´Â »çÁ¦¿Í ÁÖ¼ú»ç°¡ »ý°åÀ» ¶§, ÀεµÁÖÀÇ°¡ Å©°Ô Áøº¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¾¾Á· Àüü°¡ º´½Ç·Î ¸ô·Á°¡¼ º´ ±Í½ÅÀ» ¼Ò¸®ÃÄ ÂѾƳ»¸ç »þ¸ÕÀ» µ½´Â °ÍÀÌ Ç³½ÀÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿©ÀÚ°¡ ÁøÂûÇÏ´Â »þ¸ÕÀÌ
µÇ´Â ÀÏÀÌ µå¹°Áö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ÇÑÆí ³²ÀÚ´Â Ä¡·á¸¦ º£Ç®°ï Çß´Ù. Áúº´À» ÁøÂûÇÏ´Â º¸Åë ¹æ¹ýÀº ÇÑ µ¿¹°ÀÇ Ã¢ÀÚ¸¦ °Ë»çÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
| The more primitive
tribes greatly feared the sick, and for long ages they were carefully
avoided, shamefully neglected. It was a great advance in humanitarianism
when the evolution of shamancraft produced priests and medicine
men who consented to treat disease. Then it became customary for
the entire clan to crowd into the sickroom to assist the shaman
in howling the disease ghosts away. It was not uncommon for a woman
to be the diagnosing shaman, while a man would administer treatment.
The usual method of diagnosing disease was to examine the entrails
of an animal. | |
90:4.4 (991.3)
³ë·¡ÇÏ°í, ³ôÀº ¼Ò¸®¸¦ Áö¸£°í, ¸ö¿¡ ¾È¼ö(äÎâ¢)ÇÏ°í, ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀÔ±èÀ» ºÒ¾î¼, ±×¸®°í ±âŸ ¿©·¯ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î º´À» Ä¡·áÇÏ¿´´Ù.
ÈÄÀÏ¿¡´Â ¼ºÀü¿¡¼ ÀáÀÚ´Â µ¥ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ³°í, ÀÚ´Â µ¿¾È¿¡ Ä¡·á°¡ ÀÏ¾î³´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÁÖ¼ú»çµéÀº ¼ºÀü¿¡¼
ÀáÀÚ´Â °Í°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© °á±¹ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¼ö¼úÀ» ÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù. óÀ½¿¡ ÇÑ ¼ö¼ú Áß¿¡¼ µÎÅë ±Í½ÅÀÌ µµ¸Á°¡°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í ¸Ó¸®»À¿¡
±¸¸Û ¶Õ´Â ¼ö¼úÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. »þ¸ÕµéÀº °ñÀý°ú »á °ÍÀ» Ä¡·áÇÏ°í ºÎ½º·³°ú Á¾±â(ðþѨ) °´Â °ÍÀ» ¹è¿ü´Ù. ¿©ÀÚ »þ¸ÕÀº
»êÆÄ ³ë¸©¿¡ ¼÷´ÞÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| Disease was
treated by chanting, howling, laying on of hands, breathing on the
patient, and many other techniques. In later times the resort to
temple sleep, during which healing supposedly took place, became
widespread. The medicine men eventually essayed actual surgery in
connection with temple slumber; among the first operations was that
of trephining the skull to allow a headache spirit to escape. The
shamans learned to treat fractures and dislocations, to open boils
and abscesses; the shamanesses became adept at midwifery. | |
90:4.5 (991.4)
¸ö¿¡¼ ȯºÎ³ª ´õ·¯¿öÁø °÷¿¡ ¹«¾ð°¡ ¿ä¼úÀÎ °ÍÀ» ¹®Áö¸£°í, ºÎÀûÀ» ´øÁö°í, ³ª¾Ò´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ º¸Åë Ä¡·á ¹æ¹ýÀ̾ú´Ù.
´©±¸¶óµµ ¹ö·ÁÁø ºÎÀûÀ» ÁýÀ¸¸é, ±×´Â Áï½Ã ±× º´¿¡ °É¸®°Å³ª ÈìÀ» ¾ò´Â´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ¾àÃÊ¿Í ´Ù¸¥ ÁøÂ¥ ¾àµéÀÌ ¼Ò°³µÇ±â±îÁö
¿À·£ ¼¼¿ùÀÌ Èê·¶´Ù. ÁÖ¹®À» ¿Ü¿ì´Â °Í°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ¸¶»çÁö, °ð ¸öÀ» ÁÖ¹°·¯¼ ¿µ ÂѾƳ»±â°¡ °³¹ßµÇ¾ú°í, Çö´ëÀÎÀÌ ¹Ù¸£´Â
¾àÀ» ¹®Áú·¯ ¸ö¿¡ ³Ö´Â °Íó·³, ¾àÀ» ¹®Áú·¯¼ Áý¾î³ÖÀ¸·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀÌ ÀÌ¿¡ ¾Õ¼¹´Ù. ¹æÇ÷°ú ´õºÒ¾î, »óó³ ºÎºÐÀ» Èí°¢(ýåÊÇ)À¸·Î
ÇÇ »Ì¾Æ³»±â, ±×¸®°í »¡¾Æ³»±â°¡ º´À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ¿µÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¾µ¸ð°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| It was a common
method of treatment to rub something magical on an infected or blemished
spot on the body, throw the charm away, and supposedly experience
a cure. If anyone should chance to pick up the discarded charm,
it was believed he would immediately acquire the infection or blemish.
It was a long time before herbs and other real medicines were introduced.
Massage was developed in connection with incantation, rubbing the
spirit out of the body, and was preceded by efforts to rub medicine
in, even as moderns attempt to rub liniments in. Cupping and sucking
the affected parts, together with bloodletting, were thought to
be of value in getting rid of a disease-producing spirit. | |
90:4.6 (991.5)
¹°Àº È¿Çè ÀÖ´Â ÁÖ¹°À̾úÀ¸´Ï±î, ¿©·¯ °¡Áö º´À» °íÄ¡´Â µ¥ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. º´À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ¿µÀ» ¶¡À» Èê·Á¼ ¾ø¾Ù ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í
¿À·§µ¿¾È ¹Ï¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ¼öÁõ±â ¸ñ¿åÀ» ³ôÀÌ ÃÄÁÖ¾ú°í, õ¿¬ ¿ÂõÀº °ð ¿ø½Ã ¿ä¾çÁö·Î¼ ¹øâÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½ÃÃÊ Àΰ£Àº ¿ÀÌ
¾ÆÇÄÀ» ´ú¾îÁشٴ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Æ³Â´Ù. ±×´Â ÇÞºû, ½Å¼±ÇÑ µ¿¹°ÀÇ ±â°ü(Ðïί), ¶ß°Å¿î ÁøÈë, ¶ß°Å¿î µ¹À» ½è°í, ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýµé
°¡¿îµ¥ ¸¹Àº °ÍÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀÌ¿ëµÈ´Ù. ¿µµé¿¡°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀ¸·Î ¸®µëÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú°í, ÅèÅè ºÏÀÌ ³Î¸® ¾²¿´´Ù.
| Since water
was a potent fetish, it was utilized in the treatment of many ailments.
For long it was believed that the spirit causing the sickness could
be eliminated by sweating. Vapor baths were highly regarded; natural
hot springs soon blossomed as primitive health resorts. Early man
discovered that heat would relieve pain; he used sunlight, fresh
animal organs, hot clay, and hot stones, and many of these methods
are still employed. Rhythm was practiced in an effort to influence
the spirits; the tom-toms were universal. | |
90:4.7 (991.6)
¾î¶² »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ º´Àº ¿µ°ú µ¿¹° »çÀÌ¿¡ ²Ù¹Î »ç¾ÇÇÑ À½¸ð·Î ÀÏ¾î³´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù. µ¿¹°ÀÌ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ¸ðµç Áúº´¿¡´Â
À¯ÀÍÇÑ ½Ä¹°(ãÕÚª) Ä¡·á¹ýÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â °ü³äÀ» ³º¾Ò´Ù. È«ÀÎÀº ½Ä¹°ÀÌ º¸ÆíÀû Ä¡·á¾àÀ̶ó´Â À̷п¡ Ưº°È÷ ÁýÂøÇß´Ù.
±×µéÀº ½Ä¹°ÀÇ »Ñ¸®¸¦ »Ì¾ÒÀ» ¶§ ³²Àº »Ñ¸® ±¸¸Û¿¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇÇ ÇÑ ¹æ¿ïÀ» Áý¾î³Ö¾ú´Ù.
| Among some
people disease was thought to be caused by a wicked conspiracy between
spirits and animals. This gave rise to the belief that there existed
a beneficent plant remedy for every animal-caused disease. The red
men were especially devoted to the plant theory of universal remedies;
they always put a drop of blood in the root hole left when the plant
was pulled up. | |
90:4.8 (991.7)
±Ý½Ä, ½Ä»ç Á¶Àý, ¹Ý´ë ÀÚ±ØÁ¦µéÀÌ ÈçÈ÷ Ä¡·á Á¶Ä¡·Î¼ ¾²¿´´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ ºÐºñ¹°Àº ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¸¶·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸´Ï±î, ³ôÀÌ ÃÄÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌó·³ ÇÇ¿Í ¿ÀÁÜÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ ¾²ÀÎ ¾àÀ̾ú°í, »Ñ¸®¿Í ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¼Ò±ÝÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¾àÀÇ Á¾·ù°¡ È®´ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. »þ¸ÕµéÀº
³¿»õ°¡ ³ª»Ú°í ¸ÀÀÌ ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀº ¾àÀ¸·Î Áúº´ ±Í½ÅÀ» ¸ö¿¡¼ ÂѾƳ¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. Á¤°áÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ
ÀÏ»óÀÇ Ä¡·á¹ýÀÌ µÇ¾ú°í, ³¯ ÄÚÄÚ¾Æ¿Í Å°´Ï³×ÀÇ °¡Ä¡´Â ¾àÇп¡¼ °¡Àå ÃʱâÀÇ ¹ß°ß¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù.
| Fasting, dieting,
and counterirritants were often used as remedial measures. Human
secretions, being definitely magical, were highly regarded; blood
and urine were thus among the earliest medicines and were soon augmented
by roots and various salts. The shamans believed that disease spirits
could be driven out of the body by foul-smelling and bad-tasting
medicines. Purging very early became a routine treatment, and the
values of raw cocoa and quinine were among the earliest pharmaceutical
discoveries. | |
90:4.9 (992.1)
±×¸®½ºÀÎÀº ¾ÆÇ »ç¶÷À» Ä¡·áÇÏ´Â, ÂüµÈ ÇÕ¸®Àû ¹æ¹ýÀ» óÀ½À¸·Î ¹ß´Þ½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×¸®½ºÀΰú ¿¡ÁýÆ®ÀÎÀº ´Ù À¯ÇÁ¶óÅ×½º °
À¯¿ªÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÇÇÐ Áö½ÄÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±â¸§°ú Æ÷µµÁÖ´Â »óó¸¦ ³´°Ô ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÏÂïºÎÅÍ ¾²ÀÎ ¾àÀ̾ú´Ù. ¾ÆÁֱ ±â¸§°ú
¾ÆÆíÀ» ¼ö¸Þ¸£ÀÎÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. È¿°ú ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ °í´ëÀÇ Ä¡·á ºñ¹ýÀÇ ´Ù¼ö´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁ³À» ¶§ ±× È¿·ÂÀ» ÀÒ¾ú´Ù.
»ç±â¿Í ¹Ì½Å ½Ç½ÀÀÌ ¼º°øÇÏ´Â µ¥´Â ºñ¹ÐÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã Çʼö¿´´Ù. ¿À·ÎÁö »ç½Ç°ú Áø¸®°¡ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ±ú´Ý°Ô ÇÏ´Â ºûÀ» Ãß±¸Çϸç,
°úÇÐÀû ¿¬±¸·Î ¾ò´Â Á¶¸í°ú °è¸ùÀ» ´Þ°¡¿öÇÑ´Ù.
| The Greeks
were the first to evolve truly rational methods of treating the
sick. Both the Greeks and the Egyptians received their medical knowledge
from the Euphrates valley. Oil and wine was a very early medicine
for treating wounds; castor oil and opium were used by the Sumerians.
Many of these ancient and effective secret remedies lost their power
when they became known; secrecy has always been essential to the
successful practice of fraud and superstition. Only facts and truth
court the full light of comprehension and rejoice in the illumination
and enlightenment of scientific research. |
90:5.1 (992.2) ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)ÀÇ ¿äÁ¡Àº ±× ¿¬±â¸¦ ¿Ïº®ÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ß¸¸ÀÎ »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ÀǽÄÀº ¾ÆÁÖ Á¤¹ÐÇÏ°Ô ½ÇÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀǽÄÀ» ¿Ã¹Ù¸£°Ô Ä¡·¶À» ¶§¿¡¾ß ±× ¿¹½ÄÀÌ ¿µµé¿¡°Ô °¿äÇÏ´Â ÈûÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ´Ù. ÀǽĿ¡ ÈìÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é, ´Ù¸¸ ½ÅµéÀ» ¼º³ª°Ô ÇÏ°í ³ë¿±°Ô ¸¸µé »ÓÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼, »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÃµÃµÈ÷ ÁøÈÇÏ´Â ¸Ó¸®°¡ ÀÇ½Ä Ä¡¸£´Â ±â¼úÀÌ ±× È¿·ÂÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¿äÀÎÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢Ç߱⠶§¹®¿¡, ºóÆ´¾ø´Â ÀǽÄÀÇ °ÅÇàÀ» ÁöÈÖÇÏ·Á°í ¸ÓÁö¾Ê¾Æ ÃʱâÀÇ »þ¸ÕÀÌ ÈƷùÞÀº »çÁ¦·Î ÁøÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇß´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ¸î¸¸ ³â µ¿¾È ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â ÀǽÄÀº »çȸ¸¦ °ÅÃßÀ彺·´°Ô ¸¸µé°í ¹®¸íÀ» ¼º°¡½Ã°Ô ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, »ýÈ°ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÇàÀ§, Á¾Á·ÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¾÷¿¡ °ßµô ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÁüÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
| 5. Priests and Rituals The essence of the ritual is the perfection of its performance; among savages it must be practiced with exact precision. It is only when the ritual has been correctly carried out that the ceremony possesses compelling power over the spirits. If the ritual is faulty, it only arouses the anger and resentment of the gods. Therefore, since man's slowly evolving mind conceived that the technique of ritual was the decisive factor in its efficacy, it was inevitable that the early shamans should sooner or later evolve into a priesthood trained to direct the meticulous practice of the ritual. And so for tens of thousands of years endless rituals have hampered society and cursed civilization, have been an intolerable burden to every act of life, every racial undertaking. | |
90:5.2 (992.3)
ÀǽÄÀº dz½ÀÀ» °Å·èÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ±â¼úÀÌ´Ù. ÀǽÄÀº »çȸ °ü½À°ú Á¾±³ °ü½ÀÀÇ º¸Á¸¿¡ À̹ÙÁöÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÅÈ(ãêü¥)¸¦
¸¸µé¾î³»°í Áö¼Ó½ÃŲ´Ù. ¶Ç ÇÑÆí, ÀÇ½Ä ÀÚü°¡ ½ÅȷκÎÅÍ »ý°å´Ù. ÀǽÄÀº ÈçÈ÷ óÀ½¿¡ »çȸ ¿¹½ÄÀ̾ú°í, ³ªÁß¿¡ °æÁ¦
¿¹½ÄÀÌ µÇ¾ú°í, ¸¶Ä§³» Á¾±³ ¿¹½ÄÀÇ °Å·èÇÔ°ú À§¾öÀ» ¾ò¾ú´Ù. ÀǽÄÀº ±âµµ¤ýÃã¤ý¿¬±Ø¿¡¼ º¸´Ù½ÃÇÇ, °³ÀÎÀ̳ª Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î¡ª¶Ç´Â
¾çÂÊ¿¡¼¡ª½ÇÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
| Ritual is
the technique of sanctifying custom; ritual creates and perpetuates
myths as well as contributing to the preservation of social and
religious customs. Again, ritual itself has been fathered by myths.
Rituals are often at first social, later becoming economic and finally
acquiring the sanctity and dignity of religious ceremonial. Ritual
may be personal or group in practice-or both-as illustrated by prayer,
dancing, and drama. | |
90:5.3 (992.4)
¾Æ¸à°ú ¼¿¶ó¿Í[3] °°Àº ¿ë¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, ³¹¸»Àº ÀǽÄÀÇ ÀϺΰ¡ µÈ´Ù. ¿åÇÏ´Â ¹ö¸©, ½Å¼º ¸ðµ¶Àº °Å·èÇÑ À̸§À»
¿¹Àü¿¡ ÀǽĿ¡¼ µÇÇ®ÀÌÇÏ´ø °ÍÀÌ Å¸¶ôµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °Å·èÇÑ ¼º¼Ò±îÁö ¼ø·ÊÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ¿À·¡ µÈ ÀǽÄÀÌ´Ù. ÀǽÄÀº ´ÙÀ½¿¡
Á¤ÈÇÏ°í ±ú²ýÀÌ ÇÏ°í ¼ºÈ(á¡ûù)ÇÏ´Â °øµéÀÎ ¿¹½ÄÀ¸·Î ¼ºÀåÇß´Ù. ¿ø½Ã ºÎÁ·¿¡¼ ºñ¹Ð »çȸÀÇ ÀÔȸ½ÄÀº ½ÇÁ¦·Î Åõ¹ÚÇÑ
Á¾±³ ÀǽÄÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿¾³¯ÀÇ ½Åºñ Á¾ÆĵéÀÇ ¿¹¹è ±â¹ýÀº ´ÜÁö ´©ÀûµÈ Á¾±³ ÀǽÄÀ» ÇÑ ¹ø ±æ°Ô ¿¬ÃâÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀǽÄÀº
¸¶Ä§³» Çö´ë Á¾·ùÀÇ »çȸ ¿¹½Ä°ú Á¾±³Àû ¿¹¹è, °ð ±âµµ¿Í ³ë·¡, È´äÇÏ¿© ±Û Àбâ, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ °³ÀÎ ¹× Áý´ÜÀÇ ¿µÀû
Çå½ÅÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ¿¹¹è·Î ÁøÈÇÏ¿´´Ù.
*°¢ÁÖ[1] ¼¿¶ó : ½ÃÆí¿¡ ÀÚÁÖ ³ª¿À´Â ºÐ¸íÄ¡ ¾ÊÀº ¸», °¨Åº¾î³ª ³ôÀº °¡¶ôÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. | Words become
a part of ritual, such as the use of terms like amen and selah.
The habit of swearing, profanity, represents a prostitution of former
ritualistic repetition of holy names. The making of pilgrimages
to sacred shrines is a very ancient ritual. The ritual next grew
into elaborate ceremonies of purification, cleansing, and sanctification.
The initiation ceremonies of the primitive tribal secret societies
were in reality a crude religious rite. The worship technique of
the olden mystery cults was just one long performance of accumulated
religious ritual. Ritual finally developed into the modern types
of social ceremonials and religious worship, services embracing
prayer, song, responsive reading, and other individual and group
spiritual devotions. | |
90:5.4 (992.5)
»çÁ¦´Â »þ¸ÕÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÅŹÀ» ¹Þ´Â »çÁ¦, Á¡ÀïÀÌ, ³ë·¡ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ, ÃãÃß´Â ÀÚ, ±â¿ì»ç(Ñ·éëÞÔ), Á¾±³ À¯Ç° º¸È£ÀÚ, ¼ºÀü
°ü¸®ÀÚ, ±×¸®°í »ç°ÇÀ» Á¡Ä¡´Â ÀÚ¸¦ °ÅÃļ, Á¾±³Àû ¿¹¹è¸¦ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÁöÈÖÇÏ´Â ÀÚÀÇ ½ÅºÐ¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ÁøÈÇß´Ù. °á±¹
±× Á÷Ã¥Àº »ó¼ÓÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, ¿¬¼ÓµÇ´Â »çÁ¦ °è±ÞÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù.
| The priests
evolved from shamans up through oracles, diviners, singers, dancers,
weathermakers, guardians of religious relics, temple custodians,
and foretellers of events, to the status of actual directors of
religious worship. Eventually the office became hereditary; a continuous
priestly caste arose. | |
90:5.5 (992.6)
Á¾±³°¡ ÁøÈÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó¼ »çÁ¦µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Å¸°í³ ÀçÁÖ³ª Ưº°ÇÑ ÃëÇâ¿¡ µû¶ó¼ Àü¹®ÈÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ´õ·¯´Â ³ë·¡ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ,
´õ·¯´Â ±âµµÇÏ´Â ÀÚ, ´õ·¯´Â Á¦»çÇÏ´Â ÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú°í, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ¿õº¯ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¡ª¼³±³ÀÚ¡ª°¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. Á¾±³°¡ Á¦µµÈµÇ¾úÀ»
¶§, ÀÌ »çÁ¦µéÀº ¡°ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ ¿¼è¸¦ Áã°í ÀÖ´Ù¡±°í ¿ì°å´Ù.
| As religion
evolved, priests began to specialize according to their innate talents
or special predilections. Some became singers, others prayers, and
still others sacrificers; later came the orators-preachers. And
when religion became institutionalized, these priests claimed to
"hold the keys of heaven." | |
90:5.6 (992.7)
ÀڽŵéÀÇ °æ°ÇÇÔ°ú ±ÇÇÑÀ» ³ôÀ̱â À§Çؼ ¿¹¹èÀÚ¸¦ ½Åºñ¿¡ Á¥°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í ¿¾³¯ ¸»·Î Á¾±³ ÀǽÄÀ» °ÅÇàÇÔÀ¸·Î, ¶Ç Àâ´ÙÇÑ
¸¶¼úÀÇ ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö·Î, »çÁ¦µéÀº ¼¹ÎÀ» °¨µ¿½ÃÅ°°í µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé·Á°í ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¾Ö½á ¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Å« À§ÇèÀº
ÀǽÄÀÌ Á¾±³ÀÇ ´ë¿ëÇ°ÀÌ µÇ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
| The priests
have always sought to impress and awe the common people by conducting
the religious ritual in an ancient tongue and by sundry magical
passes so to mystify the worshipers as to enhance their own piety
and authority. The great danger in all this is that the ritual tends
to become a substitute for religion. | |
90:5.7 (993.1)
»çÁ¦µéÀº °úÇÐÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» ´õµð°Ô ¸¸µé°í ¿µÀû Áøº¸¸¦ ¸·À¸·Á°í ¸¹Àº ÀÏÀ» ÇßÁö¸¸, ¹®¸íÀ» ¾ÈÁ¤½ÃÅ°°í, ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ ¹®È¸¦
³ôÀÌ´Â µ¥ À̹ÙÁöÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Çö´ëÀÇ ¸¹Àº »çÁ¦°¡ Çϳª´ÔÀ» ¿¹¹èÇÏ´Â ÀǽÄÀÇ ÁöÈÖÀÚ·Î È°µ¿Çϱ⸦ ±×¸¸µÎ¾ú°í, ½ÅÇÐÀ¸·Î¡ªÇϳª´ÔÀ»
Á¤ÀÇ(ïÒëù)ÇÏ´Â ½Ãµµ·Î¡ª´«±æÀ» µ¹·È´Ù.
| The priesthoods
have done much to delay scientific development and to hinder spiritual
progress, but they have contributed to the stabilization of civilization
and to the enhancement of certain kinds of culture. But many modern
priests have ceased to function as directors of the ritual of the
worship of God, having turned their attention to theology-the attempt
to define God. | |
90:5.8 (993.2)
»çÁ¦°¡ Á¾Á·ÀÇ ¸ñ¿¡ ¸Å´Þ¸° ¸Ëµ¹Ã³·³ ¹«°Å¿üÀ½À» ºÎÀÎÇÏÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸, ÂüµÈ Á¾±³ ÁöµµÀÚ´Â ´õ ³ô°í ´õ ³ªÀº ½Çü¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ´Â
±æÀ» °¡¸®Å°´Â µ¥ ±ÍÁßÇÏ¿´´Ù.
| It is not denied
that the priests have been a millstone about the neck of the races,
but the true religious leaders have been invaluable in pointing
the way to higher and better realities. | |
90:5.9 (993.3)
[³×¹Ùµ·ÀÇ ÇÑ ¸á±â¼¼µ¦ÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù.]
| [Presented
by a Melchizedek of Nebadon. ] |