Á¦
71 Æí
±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ßÀü
71:0.1 (800.1) ±¹°¡´Â ¹®¸í¿¡¼ ÇϳªÀÇ À¯ÀÍÇÑ ÁøÈÀ̸ç, ±¹°¡´Â »çȸ°¡ ÀüÀïÀÇ È²Æó¿Í °íÅëÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
¾òÀº ¼øÀÌÀÍÀ» ´ëÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù. ±¹Á¤(ÏÐïÙ)ÀÇ ±â¼úÁ¶Â÷ ´ÜÁö ½Î¿ì´Â ºÎÁ·°ú ³ª¶óµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ¹«·ÂÀÇ °æÀïÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â ±â¼úÀÌ
ÃàÀûµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
71:0.2 (800.2) Çö´ëÀÇ
±¹°¡´Â Áý´ÜÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á´Â ¿À·£ ÅõÀï¿¡¼ »ì¾Æ³²Àº Á¦µµÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¼öÇÑ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ °á±¹ À̰å°í, ±×°ÍÀº ½Ã¹ÎÀÌ
±¹°¡¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© Á×°í »ç´Â Àý´ëÀû Àǹ«¸¦ °¡Á³´Ù´Â µµ´öÀû ½ÅÈ¿Í ÇÔ²², »ç½Ç·Î ÀÖ´Â »ê¹°¡ª±¹°¡¡ª¸¦ ³º¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
±¹°¡´Â ½Å¿¡°Ô¼ ±â¿øÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±¹°¡´Â ÀǵµÇÏ¿© ÃѸíÇÑ Àΰ£ ÇàÀ§·Î »ý°Ü³ªÁöµµ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±¹°¡´Â ¼øÀüÈ÷
ÁøÈµÈ Á¦µµÀ̸ç, ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ÀúÀý·Î »ý°å´Ù.
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Paper 71
Development of the State
71:0.1 The state is a useful evolution of civilization; it represents
society's net gain from the ravages and sufferings of war. Even
statecraft is merely the accumulated technique for adjusting
the competitive contest of force between the struggling tribes
and nations.
71:0.2 The modern state is the institution which survived in
the long struggle for group power. Superior power eventually
prevailed, and it produced a creature of fact-the state-together
with the moral myth of the absolute obligation of the citizen
to live and die for the state. But the state is not of divine
genesis; it was not even produced by volitionally intelligent
human action; it is purely an evolutionary institution and was
wholly automatic in origin.
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1.
ÃʱâÀÇ ±¹°¡
71:1.1 (800.3) ±¹°¡´Â ¿µÅä°¡ ÀÖ°í
»çȸ¸¦ ±ÔÁ¦ÇÏ´Â Á¶Á÷À̸ç, °¡Àå °·ÂÇϰí È¿°ú ÀÖ°í ¿À·¡ °¡´Â ±¹°¡´Â ´ÜÀÏ ¹ÎÁ·À¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ°í, ±× ±¹¹ÎÀº
°øÅëµÈ ¾ð¾î¿Í µµ´ö °ü½À°ú Á¦µµ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.
71:1.2 (800.4) ÃʱâÀÇ
±¹°¡µéÀº ÀÛ¾Ò°í, ¸ðµÎ Á¤º¹À¸·Î »ý±ä °á°ú¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ±¹°¡µéÀº ÀÚ¿øÇÏ´Â °áÇÕÀ¸·Î »ý°Ü³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. Á¤º¹ÇÏ´Â À¯¸ñ¹ÎµéÀÌ
¸¹Àº ±¹°¡¸¦ ¼¼¿ü°í, À̵éÀº ÆòÈ·Î¿î ¸ñÀÚ³ª Á¤ÂøÇÑ ³óºÎµé À§¿¡ ¿Í¶ô µ¤Ãļ ±×µéÀ» ¹«Â°í ³ë¿¹·Î ¸¸µé°ï
Çß´Ù. Á¤º¹ÀÇ °á°ú·Î »ý±ä ±×·¯ÇÑ ±¹°¡µéÀº, °Á¦·Î ¿©·¯ ÃþÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. °è±ÞÀÌ ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇß°í, °è±Þ ÅõÀïÀº
´Ã Áø ÀÚ¸¦ µµÅ½ÃÄ×´Ù.
71:1.3 (800.5) ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«
È«ÀÎÀÇ ºÏÂÊ ºÎÁ·µéÀº ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±¹°¡ »óÅ¿¡ °áÄÚ µµ´ÞÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ´À½¼ÇÑ ºÎÁ· ¿¬¸Í, ¾ÆÁÖ ¿ø½ÃÀû ±¹°¡
ÇüŸ¦ Áö³ª¼ ¹ßÀüÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ °¡Àå °¡±î¿î Á¢±ÙÀº ÀÌ·ÎÄõÀÌ ¿¬¹æÀ̾úÀ¸³ª, ÀÌ ¿©¼¸ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ Áý´ÜÀº °áÄÚ
Á¦´ë·Î ±¹°¡·Î¼ Ȱµ¿ÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø°í, Çö´ëÀÇ ±¹°¡ »ýȰ¿¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¾î¶² ÇʼöÀÎ °ÍµéÀÌ ºüÁ³±â ¶§¹®¿¡ »ì¾Æ³²Áö
¸øÇß´Ù:
71:1.4 (800.6) 1. »çÀ¯
Àç»êÀÇ È¹µæ°ú »ó¼Ó.
71:1.5 (800.7) 2. µµ½Ã¤ý³ó¾÷¤ý»ê¾÷.
71:1.6 (800.8) 3. À¯¿ëÇÑ
±æµéÀÎ µ¿¹°.
71:1.7 (800.9) 4. ½Ç¿ëÀû
°¡Á· Á¶Á÷. ÀÌ È«ÀεéÀº ¸ð°è °¡Á·°ú Á¶Ä« »ó¼ÓÀ» °í¼öÇÏ¿´´Ù.
71:1.8 (800.10) 5.
ºÐ¸íÇÑ ¿µÅä.
71:1.9 (800.11) 6.
°·ÂÇÑ ÇàÁ¤ ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®.
71:1.10 (800.12) 7.
Æ÷·ÎÀÇ ³ë¿¹È¡ªÆ÷·Î¸¦ ¾çÀÚ¤ý¾ç³à·Î »ïµçÁö ÇлìÇß´Ù.
71:1.11 (800.13) 8.
°áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ Á¤º¹.
71:1.12 (800.14) È«ÀεéÀº
³Ê¹« ¹ÎÁÖÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÁÁÀº Á¤ºÎ¸¦ °¡Á³Áö¸¸ ±× Á¤ºÎ´Â ½ÇÆÐÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ ¶§ À̸£°Ô, ´õ Áøº¸µÈ ¹éÀÎÀÇ
¹®¸í¿¡ ºÎ´ÚÄ¡Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´õ¶ó¸é, °á±¹ ±¹°¡¸¦ ÁøÈ½ÃÄ×À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹éÀÎÀº ±×¸®½ºÀΰú ·Î¸¶ÀÎÀÇ Á¤ºÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» µû¸£°í
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
71:1.13 (801.1) ¼º°øÀûÀÎ
·Î¸¶ ±¹°¡´Â ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÎ¾ú´Ù:
71:1.14 (801.2) 1.
ºÎ°è °¡Á·.
71:1.15 (801.3) 2.
³ó¾÷, ±×¸®°í µ¿¹° ±æµéÀ̱â.
71:1.16 (801.4) 3.
Àα¸ÀÇ ÁýÁß¡ªµµ½Ã.
71:1.17 (801.5) 4.
»çÀ¯ Àç»ê°ú ÅäÁö.
71:1.18 (801.6) 5.
³ë¿¹ Á¦µµ¡ª½Ã¹ÎÀÇ ¿©·¯ °è±Þ.
71:1.19 (801.7) 6.
¾àÇÏ°í µÚ¶³¾îÁø ¹ÎÁ·µéÀ» Á¤º¹ÇÏ°í ´Ù½Ã Á¶Á÷ÇÑ °Í.
71:1.20 (801.8) 7.
±æ°ú ºÐ¸íÇÑ ¿µÅä.
71:1.21 (801.9) 8.
Ä£È÷ ´Ù½º¸®´Â °·ÂÇÑ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ.
71:1.22 (801.10) ·Î¸¶
¹®¸í¿¡¼ °¡Àå Å« ¾àÁ¡ÀÌÀÚ ±× Á¦±¹ÀÌ ±Ã±Ø¿¡ ¸ê¸ÁÇÏ°Ô µÈ ÇÑ °¡Áö ¿äÀÎÀº, 21»ì¿¡ ³²ÀÚ¾ÆÀ̸¦ ÇØ¹æÇÏ°í ¹«Á¶°Ç
¿©ÀÚ¾ÆÀ̸¦ Ç®¾î³õÀº Á¶Ä¡, ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í ÁøÃëÀûÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢µÈ Á¶Ä¡¿´´Âµ¥, ¿©ÀÚ¾ÆÀÌ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °í¸£´Â ³²ÀÚ¿Í °áÈ¥Çϰųª,
ÁýÀ» ³ª°¡¼ ³ª¶ó¿¡¼ ºÎµµ´öÇÏ°Ô µÉ ÀÚÀ¯°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. »çȸ¿¡ ³¢Ä£ ÇØ¾ÇÀº ÀÌ °³Çõ ÀÚü¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±×
Á¶Ä¡¸¦ °©Àڱ⠳θ® äÅÃÇÑ ±× ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ¸ê¸ÁÀº ÇÑ ±¹°¡°¡ ³Ê¹« »¡¸® È®ÀåÇϰí, ÀÌ¿Í °ü·ÃÇÏ¿©
³»ºÎ¿¡¼ Ÿ¶ôÇßÀ» ¶§ ¹«¾ùÀ» ±â´ëÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡¸¦ °¡¸®Å²´Ù.
71:1.23 (801.11) ÃʱâÀÇ
±¹°¡´Â ¿µÅäÀÇ °á¼ÓÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© Ç÷ÅëÀÇ À¯´ë°¡ ÁÙ¾îµé¾î °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, ±×·¯ÇÑ ºÎÁ· ¿¬¸ÍÀº Á¤º¹À¸·Î º¸Åë °ß°íÇϰÔ
µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸ðµç ÇÏÂúÀº ÅõÀï°ú Áý´ÜÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ ÃÊ¿ùÇÏ´Â ÅëÄ¡±ÇÀÌ Âü ±¹°¡ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ÀÌÁö¸¸, ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¸¹Àº °è±Þ°ú Ä«½ºÆ®°¡
¿¾ ½ÃÀýÀÇ ¾¾Á·°ú ºÎÁ·µéÀÇ ÀÜÀç·Î¼ ÈÄÀÏÀÇ ±¹°¡ Á¶Á÷¿¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³, ¿µÅ並 °¡Áø Å« ±¹°¡µéÀº,
°°Àº ÇÍÁÙÀ» °¡Áø ±×º¸´Ù ÀÛÀº ÀÌ ¾¾Á· Áý´Üµé°ú ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¾²¶ó¸° ÅõÀïÀ» °Þ¾ú°í, ºÎÁ· Á¤ºÎ´Â °¡Á·°ú ±¹°¡ ±ÇÇÑ
»çÀÌ¿¡ °¡Ä¡ ÀÖ´Â °úµµ±âÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ÆÇ¸íµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÈÄÀÏ¿¡ ¸¹Àº ¾¾Á·ÀÌ ¹«¿ª°ú ±âŸ »ê¾÷ Á¶ÇÕÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »ý°Ü³µ´Ù.
71:1.24 (801.12) ±¹°¡ÀÇ
ÅëÇÕ¿¡ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº À¯·´¿¡¼ Áß¼¼ÀÇ ºÀ°ÇÁÖÀÇó·³, ÅëÄ¡ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ±¹°¡ ÀÌÀüÀÇ Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î ÈÄÅðÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù. ÀÌ
¾îµÎ¿î ½Ã´ë¿¡, ¿µÅ並 °¡Áø ±¹°¡µéÀº ¸ê¸ÁÇß°í, ÀÛÀº ¼º(àò) Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ°¡´Â ÀÏÀÌ »ý°åÀ¸¸ç, ¾¾Á·°ú ºÎÁ·
´Ü°èÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀÌ ´Ù½Ã ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ºñ½ÁÇÑ Áر¹°¡µéÀÌ Áö±Ýµµ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿Í ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÌµé ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÁøÈ¿¡¼
ÈÄÅð´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ´Ù¼ö°¡ ¹Ì·¡ ±¹°¡ÀÇ Ãʱâ ÇÙ½ÉÀÌ´Ù.
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1. The Embryonic State
71:1.1 The state is a territorial social
regulative organization, and the strongest, most efficient,
and enduring state is composed of a single nation whose people
have a common language, mores, and institutions.
71:1.2 The early states were small and were all the result of
conquest. They did not originate in voluntary associations.
Many were founded by conquering nomads, who would swoop down
on peaceful herders or settled agriculturists to overpower and
enslave them. Such states, resulting from conquest, were, perforce,
stratified; classes were inevitable, and class struggles have
ever been selective.
71:1.3 The northern tribes of the American red men never attained
real statehood. They never progressed beyond a loose confederation
of tribes, a very primitive form of state. Their nearest approach
was the Iroquois federation, but this group of six nations never
quite functioned as a state and failed to survive because of
the absence of certain essentials to modern national life, such
as:
71:1.4. 1.Acquirement and inheritance of private property.
71:1.5. 2. Cities plus agriculture and industry.
71:1.6. 3. Helpful domestic animals.
71:1.7. 4. Practical family organization. These red men clung
to the mother-family and nephew inheritance.
71:1.8. 5. Definite territory.
71:1.9. 6. A strong executive head.
71:1.10. 7. Enslavement of captives-they either adopted or massacred
them.
71:1.11. 8. Decisive conquests.
71:1.12 The red men were too democratic; they had a good government,
but it failed. Eventually they would have evolved a state had
they not prematurely encountered the more advanced civilization
of the white man, who was pursuing the governmental methods
of the Greeks and the Romans.
71:1.13 The successful Roman state was based on:
71:1.14.1. The father-family.
71:1.15.2. Agriculture and the domestication of animals.
71:1.16.3. Condensation of population-cities.
71:1.17.4. Private property and land.
71:1.18.5. Slavery-classes of citizenship.
71:1.19.6. Conquest and reorganization of weak and backward
peoples.
71:1.20.7. Definite territory with roads.
71:1.21.8. Personal and strong rulers.
71:1.22 The great weakness in Roman civilization, and a factor
in the ultimate collapse of the empire, was the supposed liberal
and advanced provision for the emancipation of the boy at twenty-one
and the unconditional release of the girl so that she was at
liberty to marry a man of her own choosing or to go abroad in
the land to become immoral. The harm to society consisted not
in these reforms themselves but rather in the sudden and extensive
manner of their adoption. The collapse of Rome indicates what
may be expected when a state undergoes too rapid extension associated
with internal degeneration.
71:1.23 The embryonic state was made possible by the decline
of the blood bond in favor of the territorial, and such tribal
federations were usually firmly cemented by conquest. While
a sovereignty that transcends all minor struggles and group
differences is the characteristic of the true state, still,
many classes and castes persist in the later state organizations
as remnants of the clans and tribes of former days. The later
and larger territorial states had a long and bitter struggle
with these smaller consanguineous clan groups, the tribal government
proving a valuable transition from family to state authority.
During later times many clans grew out of trades and other industrial
associations.
71:1.24 Failure of state integration results in retrogression
to prestate conditions of governmental techniques, such as the
feudalism of the European Middle Ages. During these dark ages
the territorial state collapsed, and there was a reversion to
the small castle groups, the reappearance of the clan and tribal
stages of development. Similar semistates even now exist in
Asia and Africa, but not all of them are evolutionary reversions;
many are the embryonic nucleuses of states of the future.
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2.
´ëÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ ÁøÈ
71:2.1 (801.13) ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ´Â ÀÌ»óÀÌÁö¸¸,
¹®¸íÀÇ ¼Ò»êÀÌ¿ä ÁøÈÀÇ ¼Ò»êÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù! õõÈ÷ °¡¶ó! »ìÆì¼ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿©¶ó! ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀÇ À§Çè
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù:
71:2.2 (801.14) 1.
Æò¹üÀÇ Âù¹Ì.
71:2.3 (801.15) 2.
ÀúÁúÀÌ°í ¹«ÁöÇÑ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â °Í.
71:2.4 (801.16) 3.
»çȸÀÇ ÁøÈ¿¡¼ ±âº»Àû »ç½ÇÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â °Í.
71:2.5 (801.17) 4.
º¸Åë ÅõÇ¥±ÇÀÌ ±³À°¹ÞÁö ¾Ê°í °ÔÀ¸¸¥ ´ë´Ù¼öÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â À§Çè.
71:2.6 (801.18) 5.
¿©·Ð¿¡ ³ë¿¹°¡ µÇ´Â °Í. ´ë´Ù¼ö°¡ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¿ÇÁö´Â ¾Ê´Ù.
71:2.7 (802.1) ¿©·Ð(æ«Öå),
ÀϹÝÀû ÀǰßÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª »çȸ°¡ óÁö°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ±×·¸±â´Â ÇØµµ, ¿©·ÐÀº °ªÁö´Ï, ¿©·ÐÀÌ »çȸÀÇ ÁøÈ¸¦ ´õµð°Ô
ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¹®¸íÀ» º¸Á¸Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿©·ÐÀ» ±³À°ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹®¸íÀ» °¡¼ÓÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ¾ÈÀüÇϰí ÂüµÈ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù.
¹«·ÂÀº Àá½Ã Æí¸®ÇÒ »ÓÀ̰í, ÃѾËÀÌ ÅõÇ¥¿¡°Ô ±æÀ» ¾çº¸ÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ¹®ÈÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀº °¥¼ö·Ï ´õ »¡¶óÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¿©·Ð, µµ´ö °ü½ÀÀº »çȸÀÇ ÁøÈ¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡ ±âº»Àû¤ý±Ùº»Àû ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÌÁö¸¸, ±¹°¡¿¡ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖÀ¸·Á¸é ¿©·ÐÀÇ
Ç¥ÇöÀº Æø·ÂÀ» ¾²Áö ¾Ê¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
71:2.8 (802.2) »çȸÀÇ
Áøº¸¸¦ Àç´Â ôµµ´Â, Æø·ÂÀ» ¾²Áö ¾Ê´Â Ç¥ÇöÀ» ÅëÇØ¼, ¿©·ÐÀÌ °³ÀÎÀÇ Çൿ°ú ±¹°¡ÀÇ ±ÔÁ¦¸¦ ÅëÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
Á¤µµ¿¡ µû¶ó¼ °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù. ¿©·ÐÀÌ °³ÀÎ ¼±°Å±ÇÀÇ ÈûÀ» °®Ãß¾úÀ» ¶§ Á¤¸»·Î ¹®¸íÈµÈ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ´Ù°¡¿Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. º¸Åë
¼±°Å°¡ »ç¹°À» ¹Ýµå½Ã ¹Ù¸£°Ô °áÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ»Áö ¸ð¸£Áö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀº ³ª»Û ÀÏÁ¶Â÷µµ ¿Ã¹Ù¸£°Ô ó¸®ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ´ëÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù.
ÁøÈ´Â ´Ü¼û¿¡ ÃÖ»ó±ÞÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÀ» ³ºÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ºñ±³°¡ µÇ°í Áøº¸ÇÏ´Â ½Ç¿ëÀû Á¶Á¤À» ³º´Â´Ù.
71:2.9 (802.3) ½Ç¿ëÀûÀ̰í
È¿°ú ÀÖ´Â ÇüÅÂÀÇ ´ëÀÇ Á¤Ä¡°¡ ÁøÈÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¿ °ÉÀ½ ¶Ç´Â ´Ü°è°¡ Àִµ¥, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù:
71:2.10 (802.4) 1.
»ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯. ³ë¿¹ Á¦µµ, ³ó³ë(ÒÜÒ¿), ±×¸®°í ¿Â°® ÇüÅÂÀÇ Àΰ£ÀÇ ±¸¼ÓÀº »ç¶óÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
71:2.11 (802.5) 2.
Áö¼ºÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯. ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ ±³À°¡ª¿µ¸®ÇÏ°Ô »ý°¢Çϰí ÁöÇý·Ó°Ô °èȹÇϵµ·Ï °¡¸£Ä§¡ªÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é, ÀÚÀ¯´Â º¸Åë,
À¯ÀÍÇϱ⺸´Ù ÇØ·Ó´Ù.
71:2.12 (802.6) 3.
¹ý´ë·Î ´Ù½º¸®´Â °Í. ¿À·ÎÁö Àΰ£ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿Í º¯´öÀ», Àΰ¡µÈ ±âº»¹ý¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ¼¼¿öÁø ¹ý·ÉÀ¸·Î °¥¾ÆÄ¡¿ï
¶§ »ç¶÷Àº ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ´©¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
71:2.13 (802.7) 4.
¾ð·ÐÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯. ´ëÀÇ(ÓÛì¡) Á¤Ä¡´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿¸Á°ú ÀǰßÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»±â À§ÇÏ¿© ¿Â°® ÇüÅÂÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯°¡ ¾øÀÌ´Â »ý°¢ÇÒ
¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
71:2.14 (802.8) 5.
Àç»êÀÇ ¾ÈÀü. ¾î¶² ÇüÅ·Π°³ÀÎÀÇ Àç»êÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ±ÇÇÑÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇØ ÁÖÁö ¸øÇϸé, ¾î¶² Á¤ºÎµµ ¿À·¡ °ßµô ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
»ç¶÷Àº ±×ÀÇ °³ÀÎ Àç»êÀ» ¾²°í, ÅëÁ¦Çϰí, ÁÖ°í, ÆÈ°í, ºô·Á ÁÖ°í, ¹°·ÁÁÙ ±Ç¸®¸¦ °¡Áö°í ½Í¾îÇÑ´Ù.
71:2.15 (802.9) 6.
ź¿øÇÒ ±Ç¸®. ´ëÀÇ Á¤Ä¡´Â ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÌ ¸»ÇÒ ±Ç¸®°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÑ´Ù. ź¿øÇϴ Ư±ÇÀº ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ½Ã¹Î±Ç¿¡ º»·¡ºÎÅÍ
ÀÖ´Ù.
71:2.16 (802.10) 7.
ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ±Ç¸®. ÇÏ°í ½ÍÀº ¸»À» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³Ë³ËÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ź¿øÇÏ´Â ±ÇÇÑÀº Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ½ÇÁ¦·Î °ü¸®ÇÏ´Â µ¥±îÁö ³ª¾Æ°¡¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù.
71:2.17 (802.11) 8.
º¸Åë ¼±°Å±Ç. ´ëÀÇ Á¤Ä¡´Â ÃѸíÇϰí À¯´ÉÇÑ º¸Åë ¼±°Å±ÇÀÚ¸¦ ÀüÁ¦ Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀº Á¤ºÎ¸¦
±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ÀÚÀÇ µÊµÊÀÌ¿Í ÀÎǰ¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ´Ã °áÁ¤µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹®¸íÀÌ Áøº¸ÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó¼, ÅõÇ¥±ÇÀº ³²³à¿¡°Ô º¸ÆíÀûÀ¸·Î
³²¾Æ ÀÖÁö¸¸, È¿°ú ÀÖ°Ô °íÃÄÁö°í, ´Ù½Ã ºÐ·ùµÇ°í, ´Þ¸® ±¸º°µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
71:2.18 (802.12) 9.
°øº¹(ÍëÜÒ)ÀÇ ÅëÁ¦. ½Ã¹ÎÀÌ °ø¹«¿ø°ú °øº¹À» ¾È³»Çϰí ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ÁöÇý·Î¿î ±â¹ýÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ°í ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é, ¾î¶²
±¹°¡ Á¤ºÎµµ ¾µ¸ð ÀÖ°í È¿°úÀûÀÏ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
71:2.19 (802.13) 10.
ÃѸíÇϰí ÈÆ·Ã¹ÞÀº ´ëÇ¥. ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǰ¡ »ì¾Æ³²´Â °ÍÀº ´ëÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ ¼º°ø¿¡ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀº ±â¼ú ÈÆ·ÃÀ»
¹Þ°í, ÁöÀûÀ¸·Î À¯´ÉÇϰí, »çȸ¿¡ Ãæ¼ºÇϸç, µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î °ÇÀüÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¸¸ °øÁ÷¿¡ ¼±ÃâÇÏ´Â °ü½À¿¡ Á¶°ÇÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
¿À·ÎÁö ±×·± Áغñ°¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ±¹¹ÎÀÇ Á¤ºÎ, ±¹¹ÎÀÌ ´Ù½º¸®´Â Á¤ºÎ, ±¹¹ÎÀ» À§ÇÑ Á¤ºÎ°¡ º¸Á¸µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¡ãTop
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2. The Evolution of Representative Government
71:2.1 Democracy, while an ideal, is a product
of civilization, not of evolution. Go slowly! select carefully!
for the dangers of democracy are:
71:2.2.1. Glorification of mediocrity.
71:2.3.2. Choice of base and ignorant rulers.
71:2.4.3. Failure to recognize the basic facts of social evolution.
71:2.5.4. Danger of universal suffrage in the hands of uneducated
and indolent majorities.
71:2.6.5. Slavery to public opinion; the majority is not always
right.
71:2.7 Public opinion, common opinion, has always delayed society;
nevertheless, it is valuable, for, while retarding social evolution,
it does preserve civilization. Education of public opinion is
the only safe and true method of accelerating civilization;
force is only a temporary expedient, and cultural growth will
increasingly accelerate as bullets give way to ballots. Public
opinion, the mores, is the basic and elemental energy in social
evolution and state development, but to be of state value it
must be nonviolent in expression!.
71:2.8 The measure of the advance of society is directly determined
by the degree to which public opinion can control personal behavior
and state regulation through nonviolent expression!. The really
civilized government had arrived when public opinion was clothed
with the powers of personal franchise. Popular elections may
not always decide things rightly, but they represent the right
way even to do a wrong thing. Evolution does not at once produce
superlative perfection but rather comparative and advancing
practical adjustment.
71:2.9 There are ten steps, or stages, to the evolution of a
practical and efficient form of representative government, and
these are:
71:2.10. 1. Freedom of the person. Slavery, serfdom, and all
forms of human bondage must disappear.
71:2.11. 2. Freedom of the mind. Unless a free people are educated-taught
to think intelligently and plan wisely-freedom usually does
more harm than good.
71:2.12. 3. The reign of law. Liberty can be enjoyed only when
the will and whims of human rulers are replaced by legislative
enactments in accordance with accepted fundamental law.
71:2.13. 4. Freedom of speech. Representative government is
unthinkable without freedom of all forms of expression! for
human aspirations and opinions.
71:2.14. 5. Security of property. No government can long endure
if it fails to provide for the right to enjoy personal property
in some form. Man craves the right to use, control, bestow,
sell, lease, and bequeath his personal property.
71:2.15. 6. The right of petition. Representative government
assumes the right of citizens to be heard. The privilege of
petition is inherent in free citizenship.
71:2.16. 7. The right to rule. It is not enough to be heard;
the power of petition must progress to the actual management
of the government.
71:2.17. 8. Universal suffrage. Representative government presupposes
an intelligent, efficient, and universal electorate. The character
of such a government will ever be determined by the character
and caliber of those who compose it. As civilization progresses,
suffrage, while remaining universal for both sexes, will be
effectively modified, regrouped, and otherwise differentiated.
71:2.18. 9. Control of public servants. No civil government
will be serviceable and effective unless the citizenry possess
and use wise techniques of guiding and controlling officeholders
and public servants.
71:2.19. 10. Intelligent and trained representation. The survival
of democracy is dependent on successful representative government;
and that is conditioned upon the practice of electing to public
offices only those individuals who are technically trained,
intellectually competent, socially loyal, and morally fit. Only
by such provisions can government of the people, by the people,
and for the people be preserved.
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3.
ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡
71:3.1 (803.1) ÇÑ Á¤ºÎÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ ¶Ç´Â
ÇàÁ¤ÀÇ ÇüÅ´Â, ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ Áøº¸¿¡ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ °Í¡ªÀÚÀ¯¤ý¾ÈÀü¤ý±³À° ¹× »çȸÀû Á¶Á¤¡ªÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇØ Áشٸé, °ÅÀÇ Á߿伺ÀÌ
¾ø´Ù. ¾î¶² ±¹°¡Àΰ¡°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±¹°¡°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» Çϴ°¡°¡ »çȸÀÇ ÁøÈ °úÁ¤À» Á¿ìÇÑ´Ù. ±¹¹ÎÀÌ »ÌÀº ÁöµµÀÚµéÀÌ
¿¹°¡ µÇ´Ù½ÃÇÇ, °á±¹Àº ¾î¶² ±¹°¡µµ ±¹¹ÎÀÇ µµ´öÀû °¡Ä¡ ±âÁØÀ» ¶Ù¾î³ÑÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¹«Áö¿Í À̱â½ÉÀº °¡Àå ³ôÀº
Á¾·ùÀÇ Á¤ºÎ¶óµµ ²À ¹«³ÊÁö°Ô ¸¸µé °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
71:3.2 (803.2) ¸Å¿ì À¯°¨À¸·Î
»ý°¢µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ÀÚ±â Áß½ÉÁÖÀÇ´Â »çȸ°¡ »ì¾Æ³²´Â µ¥ Çʼö¿´´Ù. ¼±ÅÃµÈ ¹é¼ºÀ̶ó´Â ½ÅÁ¶´Â Çö´ë¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö
°è¼Ó, ºÎÁ·ÀÇ °á¼Ó°ú ±¹°¡ °Ç¼³¿¡ À¸¶ä°¡´Â ¿ä¼Ò¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿Â°® Á¾·ùÀÇ ºÒ°ü¿ë(Üôΰé»)À» ¾ø¾Ù ¶§±îÁö, ¾î¶²
³ª¶óµµ ÀÌ»óÀû Ȱµ¿ ¼öÁØ¿¡ À̸¦ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í °úÇФý»ó¾÷¤ý³îÀ̤ýÁ¾±³¸¦ Á¶Á¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°ü¿ëÀ» ¹°¸®Ä¡´Â µ¥
ÃÖ¼±ÀÌ´Ù.
71:3.3 (803.3) ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ
±¹°¡´Â °·ÂÇϰí Á¶ÈµÇ¾î ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´Â ¼¼ °¡Áö ÃßÁø·ÂÀÇ ÀÚ±ØÀ» ¹Þ°í¼ Ȱµ¿ÇÑ´Ù:
71:3.4 (803.4) 1. »ç¶÷ÀÌ
ÇüÁ¦ÀÓÀ» ±ú´Ý°í »ç¶ûÀ¸·Î Ãæ½ÇÇÏ´Â °Í.
71:3.5 (803.5) 2. ÁöÇý·Î¿î
ÀÌ»ó¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÐ, ÃѸíÇÑ ¾Ö±¹½É.
71:3.6 (803.6) 3. Ç༺ÀÇ
»ç½Ç¤ýÇÊ¿ä¤ý¸ñÇ¥·Î Ç®ÀÌÇÑ ¿ìÁÖÀû ÅëÂû·Â.
71:3.7 (803.7) ÀÌ»óÀû
±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ýÀº °¡Áö ¼ö°¡ ¸¹Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±× ¹ýÀº ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó´Â ±Ý±â ½Ã´ë¸¦ Áö³ª¼, ÀÚÁ¦°¡ Çâ»óµÇ´Â °á°ú·Î¼
°³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯°¡ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ Áøº¸ÇÏ´Â ½Ã´ë·Î ³Ñ¾î°¬´Ù. ³ôÀº ¼öÁØ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±¹°¡´Â ±¹¹Î¿¡°Ô ÀÏÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø°Ô ÇÒ
»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±â°è ½Ã´ë·Î Áøº¸ÇÏ¿© °íµÈ ÀϷκÎÅÍ ÇØ¹æµÇ¾î ¾ò´Â ´Ã¾î³ ¿©°¡¸¦ À¯ÀÍÇÏ°í °í»óÇÏ°Ô ÀÌ¿ëÇϵµ·Ï À¯µµÇÑ´Ù.
¿©°¡´Â ¹°°ÇÀ» ¼ÒºñÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ý»ê¿¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
71:3.8 (803.8) ¾î¶² »çȸµµ,
°ÔÀ¸¸§À» Çã¿ëÇϰųª ºó°ïÀ» ¹¬ÀÎÇÒ ¶§ ±×´ÙÁö ¸¹ÀÌ Áøº¸ÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °áÇÔÀÌ ÀÖ°í ÅðÈµÈ ÇÍÁÙÀ» ¾Æ³¦¾øÀÌ
Áö¿øÇϰí, ¾Æ¹« Á¦ÇÑ ¾øÀÌ ¹ø½ÄÇϵµ·Ï Çã¶ôÇϸé, °áÄÚ ºó°ï°ú ÀÇÁ¸¼ºÀ» ¾ø¾Ù ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
71:3.9 (803.9) µµ´öÀûÀÎ
»çȸ´Â ±× ±¹¹ÎÀÇ ÀÚÁ¸½ÉÀ» º¸Á¸ÇÏ°í ¸ðµç Á¤»óÀûÀÎ °³Àο¡°Ô ÀھƸ¦ ½ÇÇöÇÏ´Â Àû´çÇÑ ±âȸ¸¦ ¸¶·ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ñÇ¥·Î
»ï¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ »çȸÀû ¼ºÃë °èȹÀº °¡Àå ³ôÀº ¼öÁØÀÇ ¹®È¸¦ °¡Áø »çȸ¸¦ ³ºÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀ¸·Î ±ÔÁ¦ÇÏ´Â
Á¤ºÎÀÇ °¨µ¶À¸·Î »çȸÀÇ ÁøÈ°¡ ÃËÁøµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. °¡Àå Àû°Ô ´Ù½º¸®°í, °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ Á¶Á¤ÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡°¡ Á¦ÀÏ ÁÁ´Ù.
71:3.10 (803.10) ÀÌ»óÀû
±¹°¡´Â ÁøÈ·Î, ½Ã¹Î ÀǽÄ, °ð »çȸ¿¡ ºÀ»çÇÏ´Â Àǹ«¿Í Ư±ÇÀÇ ÀνÄÀÌ, õõÈ÷ ¼ºÀåÇÔÀ¸·Î ¼ºÃëµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
óÀ½¿¡´Â, À̱Ç(××Ïí) ¿îµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ ÇàÁ¤ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ÁÀ¾Æ¼, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÁüÀ» ÇϳªÀÇ ÀÓ¹«·Î¼ ¸ÃÁö¸¸, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÑ Á÷Ã¥À» ÇϳªÀÇ Æ¯±ÇÀ¸·Î¼, °¡Àå Å« ¸í¿¹·Î¼ Ãß±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶² ¼öÁØ¿¡ ÀÖ´õ¶óµµ, ¹®¸íÀÇ ÁöÀ§´Â
±¹°¡ÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ÀÚÃ»ÇØ¼ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´Â ±¹¹ÎÀÇ µÊµÊÀ̰¡ Ãæ½ÇÇÏ°Ô º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.
71:3.11 (803.11) ±¹¹ÎÀÇ
¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥ ÇüÅÂÀÇ °æÁ¦ ¹× »ó¾÷ ´Üü¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ÂüµÈ ¿¬¹æ¿¡¼´Â Àü¹®°¡°¡ µµ½Ã¿Í Áö¹æÀ» ´Ù½º¸®´Â »ç¹«¸¦
¿î¿µÇÏ°í °ü¸®ÇÑ´Ù.
71:3.12 (803.12) Áøº¸µÈ
±¹°¡¿¡¼, Á¤Ä¡Àû ºÀ»ç´Â ±¹¹ÎÀÇ °¡Àå ³ôÀº Çå½ÅÀ¸·Î Æò°¡µÈ´Ù. °¡Àå ÁöÇý·Ó°í °í±ÍÇÑ ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ °¡Àå Å« Æ÷ºÎ´Â
½Ã¹ÎÀÇ ÀÎÁ¤À» ¾ò°í, Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¸Ã±â´Â ¾î¶² ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ¼±ÃâµÇ°Å³ª ÀÓ¸íµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¤ºÎ´Â ºÀ»ç¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â
°¡Àå ³ôÀº ¸í¿¹¸¦ °ø¹«¿øÀ̳ª »çȸ¿¡ ºÀ»çÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¼ö¿©ÇÑ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¸í¿¹´Â Â÷·Ê´ë·Î öÇÐÀÚ¤ý±³À°ÀÚ¤ý°úÇÐÀÚ¤ý»ê¾÷°¡¤ý±ºÀο¡°Ô
¼ö¿©µÈ´Ù. ºÎ¸ð´Â ¾ÆµéµþÀÇ Å¹¿ù¼º¿¡ µû¶ó ¸¶¶¥È÷ »óÀ» ¹ÞÀ¸¸ç, ¼øÀüÈ÷ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ÁöµµÀÚ´Â ¿µÀû ±¹°¡ÀÇ ´ë»ç(ÓÞÞÅ)À̴ϱî,
ÁøÂ¥ º¸»óÀ» ´Ù¸¥ ¼¼°è¿¡¼ ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
¡ãTop
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3. The Ideals of Statehood
71:3.1 The political or administrative form
of a government is of little consequence provided it affords
the essentials of civil progress-liberty, security, education,
and social co-ordination. It is not what a state is but what
it does that determines the course of social evolution. And
after all, no state can transcend the moral values of its citizenry
as exemplified in their chosen leaders. Ignorance and selfishness
will insure the downfall of even the highest type of government.
71:3.2 Much as it is to be regretted, national egotism has been
essential to social survival. The chosen people doctrine has
been a prime factor in tribal welding and nation building right
on down to modern times. But no state can attain ideal levels
of functioning until every form of intolerance is mastered;
it is everlastingly inimical to human progress. And intolerance
is best combated by the co-ordination of science, commerce,
play, and religion.
71:3.3 The ideal state functions under the impulse of three
mighty and co-ordinated drives:
71:3.4.1. Love loyalty derived from the realization of human
brotherhood.
71:3.5.2. Intelligent patriotism based on wise ideals.
71:3.6.3. Cosmic insight interpreted in terms of planetary facts,
needs, and goals.
71:3.7 The laws of the ideal state are few in number, and they
have passed out of the negativistic taboo age into the era of
the positive progress of individual liberty consequent upon
enhanced self-control. The exalted state not only compels its
citizens to work but also entices them into profitable and uplifting
utilization of the increasing leisure which results from toil
liberation by the advancing machine age. Leisure must produce
as well as consume.
71:3.8 No society has progressed very far when it permits idleness
or tolerates poverty. But poverty and dependence can never be
eliminated if the defective and degenerate stocks are freely
supported and permitted to reproduce without restraint.
71:3.9 A moral society should aim to preserve the self-respect
of its citizenry and afford every normal individual adequate
opportunity for self-realization. Such a plan of social achievement
would yield a cultural society of the highest order. Social
evolution should be encouraged by governmental supervision which
exercises a minimum of regulative control. That state is best
which co-ordinates most while governing least.
71:3.10 The ideals of statehood must be attained by evolution,
by the slow growth of civic consciousness, the recognition of
the obligation and privilege of social service. At first men
assume the burdens of government as a duty, following the end
of the administration of political spoilsmen, but later on they
seek such ministry as a privilege, as the greatest honor. The
status of any level of civilization is faithfully portrayed
by the caliber of its citizens who volunteer to accept the responsibilities
of statehood.
71:3.11 In a real commonwealth the business of governing cities
and provinces is conducted by experts and is managed just as
are all other forms of economic and commercial associations
of people.
71:3.12 In advanced states, political service is esteemed as
the highest devotion of the citizenry. The greatest ambition
of the wisest and noblest of citizens is to gain civil recognition,
to be elected or appointed to some position of governmental
trust, and such governments confer their highest honors of recognition
for service upon their civil and social servants. Honors are
next bestowed in the order named upon philosophers, educators,
scientists, industrialists, and militarists. Parents are duly
rewarded by the excellency of their children, and purely religious
leaders, being ambassadors of a spiritual kingdom, receive their
real rewards in another world.
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4.
ÁøÃëÀû ¹®¸í
71:4.1 (804.1) °æÁ¦¿Í »çȸ¿Í Á¤ºÎ´Â
³²¾Æ ÀÖÀ¸·Á¸é ÁøÈÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÁøÈÇÏ´Â ¼¼°è¿¡¼ Á¤Àû(ð¡îÜ) Á¶°ÇÀº ¹«¾ùÀÌ ½â°í ÀÖÀ½À» °¡¸®Å°¸ç, ¿ÀÁ÷ ÁøÈÀÇ
È帧°ú ÇÔ²² ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´Â Á¦µµ¸¸ Áö¼ÓÇÑ´Ù.
71:4.2 (804.2) È®´ëµÇ´Â
¹®¸íÀÇ ÁøÃëÀû °èȹÀº ´ÙÀ½À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù:
71:4.3 (804.3) 1. °³ÀÎÀÇ
ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ º¸Á¸.
71:4.4 (804.4) 2. °¡Á¤ÀÇ
º¸È£.
71:4.5 (804.5) 3. °æÁ¦Àû
¾ÈÀüÀÇ ÁõÁø.
71:4.6 (804.6) 4. Áúº´ÀÇ
¹æÁö.
71:4.7 (804.7) 5. Àǹ«
±³À°.
71:4.8 (804.8) 6.
Àǹ« °í¿ë.
71:4.9 (804.9) 7. ¿©°¡ÀÇ
À¯ÀÍÇÑ ÀÌ¿ë.
71:4.10 (804.10) 8.
ºÒ¿îÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ º¸»ìÇDZâ.
71:4.11 (804.11) 9.
Á¾Á· °³·®.
71:4.12 (804.12) 10.
°úÇаú ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÁõÁø.
71:4.13 (804.13) 11.
öÇСªÁöÇý¡ªÀÇ ÃËÁø.
71:4.14 (804.14) 12.
¿ìÁÖ ÅëÂû·Â¡ª¿µÀû ¼ºÇ⡪À» Ű¿ì´Â °Í.
71:4.15 (804.15) ¹®¸íÀÇ
¿¹¼ú¿¡¼ »ý±â´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áøº¸´Â ÇÊ»çÀÚÀÇ ³ë·Â¿¡¼ °¡Àå ³ôÀº, Àΰ£´ä°í ½Å´Ù¿î ¸ñÇ¥ÀÇ ½ÇÇöÀ¸·Î¡ª»ç¶÷ÀÇ ÇüÁ¦ Á¤½ÅÀ»
»çȸ¿¡¼ ¼ºÃëÇϰí Çϳª´ÔÀ» ÀǽÄÇÏ´Â °³ÀÎÀû ÁöÀ§¿¡ À̸£µµ·Ï¡ª¹Ù·Î À̲ø¸ç, À̰ÍÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¼Ò¸Á, Çϴÿ¡
°è½Å ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¶æÀ» ÇàÇÏ·Á´Â ÃÖ»óÀÇ ¼Ò¸Á¿¡¼ µå·¯³´Ù.
71:4.16 (804.16) ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ
ÇüÁ¦ Á¤½ÅÀÇ ÃâÇöÀº, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¼·Î ±â»Ú°Ô ÁüÀ» Áö´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ »çȸ Áú¼°¡ µµÂøÇßÀ½À» °¡¸®Å²´Ù. ±×µéÀº ½ÇÁ¦·Î
Ȳ±Ý·üÀ» ½ÇõÇÏ°í ½Í¾î ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÌ»óÀû »çȸ´Â, Áø¸®¤ý¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¤ý¼±À» Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â ºÀ»ç¿¡ Çå½ÅÇÔÀ¸·Î
ÁÖ·Î Àڱع޴ ÀÚ¸¦ ¾àÇÑ ÀÚ³ª ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ°¡ ºÎ´çÇÏ°í »ç¾ÇÇÏ°Ô ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ·Á°í Àáº¹ÇØ¼ ±â´Ù¸± ¶§´Â ½ÇÇöµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
±×·¯ÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ ±æÀÌ ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÌ´Ù: ¡°È²±Ý·üÀ» ÁöŰ´Â »ç¶÷¡±Àº ±×µéÀÇ ÆòÈ·Î¿î ¼ºÁúÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇϰųª Áøº¸ÇÏ´Â
¹®¸íÀÇ ÆÄ±«¸¦ Ãß±¸ÇÒÁöµµ ¸ð¸£´Â µÚ¶³¾îÁø µ¿·á¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇØ¼ ÀûÀýÇÑ ¹æ¾î¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϸé¼, ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌ»ó¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ÁøÃëÀû
»çȸ¸¦ ¼¼¿öµµ ÁÁ´Ù.
71:4.17 (804.17) °¢
¼¼´ë¿¡ ÀÌ»óÁÖÀÇÀÚ°¡ ±×º¸´Ù ³·Àº ¼¿ÀÇ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ¸êÁ¾µÇµµ·Ï ¹ö·ÁµÎ¸é, ÀÌ»óÁÖÀÇ´Â ÁøÈÇÏ´Â Ç༺¿¡¼ °áÄÚ »ì¾Æ³²À»
¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿©±â¿¡ ÀÌ»óÁÖÀÇÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ½ÃÇèÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù: À̱âÀû ¼ÒµæÀ» ¾ò°Å³ª ³ª¶ó¸¦ Å©°Ô ¸¸µé·Á´Â ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î
´Ù¸¥ ¹ÎÁ·À» °ø°ÝÇÏ´Â ÀÛÀü¿¡ ÀÌ ±º»ç·ÂÀ» ¾²·Á´Â À¯È¤¿¡ ±¼º¹ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼, ÇϳªÀÇ Áøº¸ÇÑ »çȸ°¡, ÀüÀïÀ» ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Â
ÀÌ¿ôµéÀÇ ¿Â°® °ø°ÝÀ» ¹Þ¾Æµµ ±× »çȸ¸¦ ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô Áöų ±×·¯ÇÑ ±º»çÀû Áغñ¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡? ±¹°¡°¡ »ì¾Æ³²À¸·Á¸é
ÀüÀï Áغñ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç, ¿ÀÁ÷ Á¾±³Àû ÀÌ»ó(ìµßÌ)ÀÌ ¹æ¾î Áغñ¸¦ °ø°Ý¿¡ ¾Ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·À» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿À·ÎÁö
»ç¶û, ÇüÁ¦ Á¤½ÅÀÌ, °ÇÑ ÀÚ°¡ ¾àÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ ¾ï´©¸£´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·À» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
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4. Progressive Civilization
71:4.1 Economics, society, and government
must evolve if they are to remain. Static conditions on an evolutionary
world are indicative of decay; only those institutions which
move forward with the evolutionary stream persist.
71:4.2 The progressive program of an expanding civilization
embraces:
71:4.3.1. Preservation of individual liberties.
71:4.4.2. Protection of the home.
71:4.5.3. Promotion of economic security.
71:4.6.4. Prevention of disease.
71:4.7.5. Compulsory education.
71:4.8.6. Compulsory employment.
71:4.9.7. Profitable utilization of leisure.
71:4.10.8. Care of the unfortunate.
71:4.11.9. Race improvement.
71:4.12.10. Promotion of science and art.
71:4.13.11. Promotion of philosophy¡ªwisdom.
71:4.14.12. Augmentation of cosmic insight¡ªspirituality.
71:4.15 And this progress in the arts of civilization leads
directly to the realization of the highest human and divine
goals of mortal endeavor-the social achievement of the brotherhood
of man and the personal status of God-consciousness, which becomes
revealed in the supreme desire of every individual to do the
will of the Father in heaven.
71:4.16 The appearance of genuine brotherhood signifies that
a social order has arrived in which all men delight in bearing
one another's burdens; they actually desire to practice the
golden rule. But such an ideal society cannot be realized when
either the weak or the wicked lie in wait to take unfair and
unholy advantage of those who are chiefly actuated by devotion
to the service of truth, beauty, and goodness. In such a situation
only one course is practical: The " golden rulers "
may establish a progressive society in which they live according
to their ideals while maintaining an adequate defense against
their benighted fellows who might seek either to exploit their
pacific predilections or to destroy their advancing civilization.
71:4.17 Idealism can never survive on an evolving planet if
the idealists in each generation permit themselves to be exterminated
by the baser orders of humanity. And here is the great test
of idealism: Can an advanced society maintain that military
preparedness which renders it secure from all attack by its
war-loving neighbors without yielding to the temptation to employ
this military strength in offensive operations against other
peoples for purposes of selfish gain or national aggrandizement?
National survival demands preparedness, and religious idealism
alone can prevent the prostitution of preparedness into aggression.
Only love, brotherhood, can prevent the strong from oppressing
the weak.
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5.
°æÀïÀÇ ÁøÈ
71:5.1 (805.1) °æÀïÀº »çȸÀÇ Áøº¸¿¡
ÇʼöÀÌÁö¸¸, ±ÔÁ¦¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀº °æÀïÀº Æø·ÂÀ» ³º´Â´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ »çȸ¿¡¼, °æÀïÀº »ê¾÷ ÀÚü°¡ »ì¾Æ³²À» °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦
¼±¾ðÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »ê¾÷¿¡¼ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇϹǷΠ°æÀïÀº õõÈ÷ ÀüÀïÀ» ´ë½ÅÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. (»ìÀΰú ÀüÀïÀº
µµ´ö °ü½À ¾Õ¿¡¼ ÁöÀ§°¡ ´Ù¸£¸ç, »ìÀÎÀº »çȸÀÇ Ãʱ⠽ÃÀý ÀÌÈÄ·Î ±ÝÁöµÇ¾ú°í, ÇÑÆí ¾ÆÁ÷ Àηù Àüü°¡ ÀüÀïÀ»
±ÝÁöÇÑ ÀûÀº ¾ø´Ù.)
71:5.2 (805.2) ÀÌ»óÀû
±¹°¡´Â °³ÀÎÀÇ °æÀï¿¡¼ Æø·ÂÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í °³ÀÎÀû ÁÖµµ±ÇÀÇ ºÒ°øÆòÀ» ¸·±â¿¡ °Ü¿ì ÃæºÐÇÒ ¸¸Å »çȸÀû ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ±ÔÁ¦¸¦
¶°¸Ã´Â´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ ±¹°¡ÀÇ Å« ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ´Ù: ¾î¶»°Ô »ê¾÷¿¡¼ ÆòÈ¿Í Æò¿ÂÀ» º¸ÀåÇϰí, ±¹°¡ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀ» Áö¿øÇϱâ
À§ÇÏ¿© ¼¼±ÝÀ» ³»°í, µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¼¼±ÝÀÌ »ê¾÷¿¡ Àå¾Ö°¡ µÇÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ¸·À¸¸é¼, ±¹°¡°¡ ±â»ýÃæÀ̳ª Æø±ºÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê°Ô
º¸ÀåÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡?
71:5.3 (805.3) ¾î´À ¼¼»ó¿¡¼µµ
±× Ãʱ⠽ô븦 ÅëÇÏ¿© ³»³», °æÀïÀº Áøº¸ÇÏ´Â ¹®¸í¿¡ ²À ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÁøÈ°¡ ÁøÇàµÊ¿¡ µû¶ó¼, Çùµ¿Àº
°¥¼ö·Ï ´õ È¿°ú ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. »ó±Þ ¹®¸í¿¡¼´Â Çùµ¿ÀÌ °æÀﺸ´Ù ´õ ´É·üÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ø½ÃÀÎÀº °æÀï¿¡ ÀÚ±ØÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.
Ãʱâ ÁøÈÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àº »ý¹°ÇлóÀÇ ÀûÀÚ(îêíº)°¡ »ì¾Æ³²´Â °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ¿µ¸®ÇÑ Çùµ¿, ¼·Î ÀÌÇØÇϴ ģ±³, ¿µÀû ÇüÁ¦
Á¤½ÅÀÌ ÈÄÀÏÀÇ ¹®¸íÀ» ´õ ³´°Ô ÃËÁøÇÑ´Ù.
71:5.4 (805.4) »ê¾÷ÀÇ
°æÀïÀº Áö³ªÄ£ ³¶ºñÀÌ¸ç »ó´çÈ÷ ºñÈ¿À²ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ Âü¸»ÀÌÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ³¶ºñÀû °æÁ¦ ¿îµ¿À» ¾ø¾Ö·Á´Â ¾î¶² ³ë·Âµµ, ±×·¯ÇÑ
Á¶ÀýÀÌ °³ÀÎÀÇ ±âº» ÀÚÀ¯ Áß¿¡ ¾î´À °ÍÀ» ¾ÆÁÖ ¼ÕÅ鸸ÅÀÌ¶óµµ Ãë¼ÒÇÒ ¶§, ¹¬ÀÎÇØ¼´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù.
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5. The Evolution of Competition
71:5.1 Competition is essential to social
progress, but competition, unregulated, breeds violence. In
current society, competition is slowly displacing war in that
it determines the individual's place in industry, as well as
decreeing the survival of the industries themselves. (Murder
and war differ in their status before the mores, murder having
been outlawed since the early days of society, while war has
never yet been outlawed by mankind as a whole.)
71:5.2 The ideal state undertakes to regulate social conduct
only enough to take violence out of individual competition and
to prevent unfairness in personal initiative. Here is a great
problem in statehood: How can you guarantee peace and quiet
in industry, pay the taxes to support state power, and at the
same time prevent taxation from handicapping industry and keep
the state from becoming parasitical or tyrannical?
71:5.3 Throughout the earlier ages of any world, competition
is essential to progressive civilization. As the evolution of
man progresses, co-operation becomes increasingly effective.
In advanced civilizations co-operation is more efficient than
competition. Early man is stimulated by competition. Early evolution
is characterized by the survival of the biologically fit, but
later civilizations are the better promoted by intelligent co-operation,
understanding fraternity, and spiritual brotherhood.
71:5.4 True, competition in industry is exceedingly wasteful
and highly ineffective, but no attempt to eliminate this economic
lost motion should be countenanced if such adjustments entail
even the slightest abrogation of any of the basic liberties
of the individual.
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6.
ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á´Â µ¿±â
71:6.1 (805.5) ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á´Â µ¿±â°¡
ºÀ»çÇÏ·Á´Â µ¿±â·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© È®´ëµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é, ÀÌÀÍ¿¡ µû¶ó ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ °æÁ¦´Â ¿î¸íÀÌ Á¤ÇØÁ³´Ù. »ý°¢ÀÌ
Á¼Àº ÀÚ±â ÀÌÀÍ¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÐ ¹«ÀÚºñÇÑ °æÀïÀº ±Ã±Ø¿¡, ±× °æÀïÀÌ À¯ÁöÇÏ·Á ÇÏ´Â °Í¸¶Àúµµ ÆÄ±«ÇÑ´Ù. ¼øÀüÈ÷ »ç¸®(Þç××)¸¦
Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀÍ µ¿±â´Â ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ÀÌ»ó°ú ¾ç¸³ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¡ª¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ´õ±º´Ù³ª ¾î±ß³´Ù.
71:6.2 (805.6) °æÁ¦Çп¡¼
ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á´Â µ¿±â¿Í ºÀ»çÇÏ·Á´Â µ¿±âÀÇ °ü°è´Â Á¾±³¿¡¼ µÎ·Á¿ò°ú »ç¶ûÀÇ °ü°è¿Í °°´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌÀÍÀÇ µ¿±â¸¦
°©ÀÚ±â ÆÄ±«Çϰųª ¾ø¾Ö¼´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù. ÀÌÀÍ µ¿±â´Â ±×·± µ¿±â°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸é ³ªÅÂÇÑ »ç¶÷À» ºÎÁö·±È÷ ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù.
±×·¯³ª »çȸÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ÀÌ ÀÚ±ØÁ¦ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦±îÁö³ª À̱âÀûÀÏ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾ø´Ù.
71:6.3 (805.7) °æÁ¦ Ȱµ¿¿¡¼
ÀÌÀÍÀÇ µ¿±â´Â ³ôÀº üÁ¦ÀÇ »çȸ¿¡ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î õÇϰí ÀüÇô ¾î¿ï¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·±µ¥µµ ÀÌÀÍ µ¿±â´Â ¹®¸íÀÇ Ãʱâ
´Ü°è Àüü¿¡ °ÉÃļ ÇʼöÀÎ ¿ä¼ÒÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °æÁ¦Àû ³ë·Â°ú »çȸ ºÀ»ç¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿©, ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¿ì¼öÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ
ºñÀÌÀÍ µ¿±â¡ªÃÖ»óÀÇ ÁöÇý, Èï¹Ì ÀÖ´Â ÇüÁ¦ Á¤½Å, Ź¿ùÇÑ ¿µÀû ´Þ¼ºÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á´Â ÃÊ¿ùÀû ¿å±¸¡ª¸¦ ´Ü´ÜÈ÷ ÀâÀ»
¶§±îÁö, ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ¸·Á´Â µ¿±â¸¦ »ç¶÷µéÇÑÅ×¼ »©¾Ñ¾Æ¼´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù.
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6. The Profit Motive
71:6.1 Present-day profit-motivated economics
is doomed unless profit motives can be augmented by service
motives. Ruthless competition based on narrow-minded self-interest
is ultimately destructive of even those things which it seeks
to maintain. Exclusive and self-serving profit motivation is
incompatible with Christian ideals-much more incompatible with
the teachings of Jesus.
71:6.2 In economics, profit motivation is to service motivation
what fear is to love in religion. But the profit motive must
not be suddenly destroyed or removed; it keeps many otherwise
slothful mortals hard at work. It is not necessary, however,
that this social energy arouser be forever selfish in its objectives.
71:6.3 The profit motive of economic activities is altogether
base and wholly unworthy of an advanced order of society; nevertheless,
it is an indispensable factor throughout the earlier phases
of civilization. Profit motivation must not be taken away from
men until they have firmly possessed themselves of superior
types of nonprofit motives for economic striving and social
serving-the transcendent urges of superlative wisdom, intriguing
brotherhood, and excellency of spiritual attainment.
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7.
±³À°
71:7.1 (806.1) Áö¼ÓÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡´Â
¹®È¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÎ°í, ÀÌ»ó¿¡ Áö¹èµÇ¸ç, ºÀ»ç·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ÀÚ±ØÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ±³À°ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ±â¼úÀ» ȹµæÇϰí, ÁöÇý¸¦ Ãß±¸Çϸç,
ÀھƸ¦ ½ÇÇöÇϰí, ¿µÀû °¡Ä¡ ±âÁØ¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
71:7.2 (806.2) ÀÌ»óÀû ±¹°¡¿¡¼´Â ±³À°ÀÌ
ÀÏ»ýÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ ³»³» °è¼ÓµÇ¸ç, ¶§·Î´Â öÇÐÀÌ ±× ±¹¹ÎÀÇ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ Ãß±¸ ´ë»óÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ±×·± ³ª¶óÀÇ ±¹¹ÎÀº Àΰ£ °ü°èÀÇ
Á߿伺, ½ÇüÀÇ ÀǹÌ, °¡Ä¡ ±âÁØÀÇ °í±ÍÇÔ, »ýȰÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥, ¿µÈ·Î¿î ¿ìÁÖ ¿î¸íÀ» ²ç¶Õ¾îº¸´Â ÅëÂû·ÂÀ» ³ôÀÌ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼
ÁöÇý¸¦ Ãß±¸ÇÑ´Ù.
71:7.3 (806.3) À¯¶õ½Ã¾ÆÀÎÀº »õ·Ó°í ´õ
³ôÀº, ¹®È ÀÖ´Â »çȸ¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â ²ÞÀ» °¡Á®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±³À°Àº ¼øÀüÈ÷ ÀÌÀÍ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´Â °æÁ¦ ü°è°¡ »ç¶óÁü°ú ÇÔ²²,
»õ·Î¿î °¡Ä¡ ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ¶Ù¾î¿À¸¦ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±³À°Àº ³Ê¹«³ª ¿À·§µ¿¾È Áö¿ª°ú ±º´ë¿¡ Ä¡ÁßÇÏ¿´°í, ÀھƸ¦ Âù¹ÌÇÏ°í ¼º°øÀ»
Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±³À°Àº ±Ã±Ø¿¡ ¼¼°èÀû¤ýÀÌ»óÀûÀ̾î¾ß Çϰí, ÀھƸ¦ ½ÇÇöÇÏ°í ¿ìÁÖ¸¦ ±ú´Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
71:7.4 (806.4) ±³À°Àº ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚÀÇ ÅëÁ¦¸¦
¹Þ´Ù°¡, ¿äÁîÀ½¿¡ ¹ý·ü°¡¿Í »ç¾÷°¡µéÀÌ ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ÀÏ·Î ³Ñ¾î°¡ ¹ö·È´Ù. ±Ã±Ø¿¡´Â öÇÐÀÚ¿Í °úÇÐÀÚ¿¡°Ô ±³À°À» ¸Ã°Ü¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù. öÇÐ, °ð ÁöÇýÀÇ Å½±¸°¡ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ±³À° ¸ñÇ¥°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï, ¼±»ýµéÀº ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î Á¸Àç, ÁøÂ¥ ÁöµµÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾î¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù.
71:7.5 (806.5) ±³À°Àº ½ÇõÇÏ´Â »ç¾÷ÀÌ´Ù.
±³À°Àº ÀÏ»ýÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ ³»³» °è¼ÓµÇ¾î¾ß Çϸç, ±×·¡¼ Àηù´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁö´Â ¼öÁØÀÇ ÇÊ»çÀÚÀÇ ÁöÇý¸¦ Â÷ÃûÂ÷Ãû
üÇèÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù:
71:7.6 (806.6) 1. »ç¹°¿¡ °üÇÑ Áö½Ä.
71:7.7 (806.7) 2. üÇèÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ±ú´ÞÀ½.
71:7.8 (806.8) 3. °¡Ä¡ ±âÁØÀÇ ÀÌÇØ.
71:7.9 (806.9) 4. ÀÏÀÇ °í±ÍÇÔ¡ªÀǹ«.
71:7.10 (806.10) 5. ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â
°Í¡ªµµ´ö.
71:7.11 (806.11) 6. ºÀ»çÇÏ°í ½Í¾î
ÇÏ´Â ¸¶À½¡ªÀÎǰ.
71:7.12 (806.12) 7. ¿ìÁÖ¸¦ º¸´Â ÅëÂû·Â¡ª¿µÀû
Çì¾Æ¸².
71:7.13 (806.13) ±×¸®°í ³ª¼, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
¼ºÃ븦 ÅëÇØ¼, ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÇÊ»çÀڷμ ±Ã±Ø¿¡ Áö¼ºÀÌ µµ´ÞÇÏ´Â ¼öÁØ, Çϳª´ÔÀ» ÀǽÄÇÏ´Â ¼öÁرîÁö ¿Ã¶ó°¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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7. Education
71:7.1 The enduring state
is founded on culture, dominated by ideals, and motivated by
service. The purpose of education should be acquirement of skill,
pursuit of wisdom, realization of selfhood, and attainment of
spiritual values.
71:7.2 In the ideal state, education continues throughout life,
and philosophy sometime becomes the chief pursuit of its citizens.
The citizens of such a commonwealth pursue wisdom as an enhancement
of insight into the significance of human relations, the meanings
of reality, the nobility of values, the goals of living, and
the glories of cosmic destiny.
71:7.3 Urantians should get a vision of a new and higher cultural
society. Education will jump to new levels of value with the
passing of the purely profit-motivated system of economics.
Education has too long been localistic, militaristic, ego exalting,
and success seeking; it must eventually become world-wide, idealistic,
self-realizing, and cosmic grasping.
71:7.4 Education recently passed from the control of the clergy
to that of lawyers and businessmen. Eventually it must be given
over to the philosophers and the scientists. Teachers must be
free beings, real leaders, to the end that philosophy, the search
for wisdom, may become the chief educational pursuit.
71:7.5 Education is the business of living; it must continue
throughout a lifetime so that mankind may gradually experience
the ascending levels of mortal wisdom, which are:
71:7.6.1. The knowledge of things.
71:7.7.2. The realization of meanings.
71:7.8.3. The appreciation of values.
71:7.9.4. The nobility of work-duty.
71:7.10.5. The motivation of goals-morality.
71:7.11.6. The love of service-character.
71:7.12.7. Cosmic insight-spiritual discernment.
71:7.13 And then, by means of these achievements, many will
ascend to the mortal ultimate of mind attainment, God-consciousness.
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8. ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¼ºÁú
71:8.1 (806.14) ¾î¶² Àΰ£ Á¤ºÎ¿¡¼µµ
À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ¼º½º·¯¿î ¸ð½ÀÀº ±¹°¡¸¦ ÇàÁ¤¤ýÀÔ¹ý¤ý»ç¹ý Ȱµ¿ÀÇ ¼¼ ºÐ°ú·Î ³ª´« °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ìÁÖ´Â ±â´É°ú ±ÇÇÑÀ» ±×·¸°Ô
ºÐ¸®ÇÏ´Â °èȹ¿¡ µû¶ó¼ °ü¸®µÈ´Ù. È¿°úÀû »çȸ ±ÔÁ¦³ª ±¹¹ÎÀÇ Á¤ºÎ¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÌ ½Å¼ºÇÑ °³³äÀ» Á¦Ãijõ°í, ½Ã¹ÎÀÌ
´õ¿í ÀÚÁ¦ÇÏ°í ´õ¿í »çȸ¿¡ ºÀ»çÇÏ´Â ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ÇâÇÏ¿© ´Ã Áøº¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ ¾î¶² ÇüÅÂÀÇ ±¹°¡¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇϴ°¡´Â
°ÅÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ³¯Ä«·Î¿î Áö´É, °æÁ¦Àû ÁöÇý, »çȸÀû Áö·«, µµ´öÀû ü·ÂÀº ¸ðµÎ ±¹°¡¿¡
Ãæ½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¹Ý¿µµÈ´Ù.
71:8.2 (806.15) ±¹°¡ÀÇ
ÁøÈ¿¡´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÇÑ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼ ´Ù¸¥ ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î Áøº¸°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù:
71:8.3 (806.16) 1. ÇàÁ¤ºÎ¤ýÀÔ¹ýºÎ¤ý»ç¹ýºÎ,
¼¼ ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎ¸¦ âÁ¶ÇÏ´Â °Í.
71:8.4 (806.17) 2.
»çȸ¤ýÁ¤Ä¡¤ýÁ¾±³ Ȱµ¿ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯.
71:8.5 (807.1) 3. ¿Â°®
ÇüÅÂÀÇ ³ë¿¹ Á¦µµ¿Í Àΰ£Àû ¼Ó¹ÚÀÇ ÆóÁö.
71:8.6 (807.2) 4. ±¹¹ÎÀÌ
¼¼±Ý ºÎ°ú¿¡ °í»ß¸¦ Áã´Â ´É·Â.
71:8.7 (807.3) 5. º¸ÆíÀû
±³À°ÀÇ È®¸³¡ª¿ä¶÷¿¡¼ ¹«´ý±îÁö À̾îÁø ±³À°.
71:8.8 (807.4) 6. Áö¿ª
Á¤ºÎ¿Í ±¹°¡ Á¤ºÎ »çÀÌÀÇ Àû´çÇÑ Á¶Á¤.
71:8.9 (807.5) 7. °úÇÐÀÇ
À°¼º°ú Áúº´ÀÇ Á¤º¹.
71:8.10 (807.6) 8.
³²³à ÆòµîÀ» ¸¶¶¥È÷ ÀÎÁ¤Çϸç, »ê¾÷°ú Á¤ºÎ¿¡¼ ¿©ÀÚµéÀÌ Æ¯ÈµÈ ºÀ»ç¸¦ ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ¾Æ¿ï·¯, °¡Á¤¤ýÇб³¤ý±³È¸¿¡¼
³²³à°¡ Á¶ÈµÇ¾î Ȱµ¿ÇÏ´Â °Í.
71:8.11 (807.7) 9.
±â°èÀÇ ¹ß¸í°ú ÈÄÀÏÀÇ ±â°è ½Ã´ë¸¦ Á¤º¹ÇÔÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷ÀÌ °íµÈ ÀÏ¿¡ ¿¹¼ÓµÇÁö ¾Ê°Ô ¸¸µå´Â °Í.
71:8.12 (807.8) 10.
¹æ¾ðÀÇ Á¤º¹¡ªº¸ÆíÀû ¾ð¾îÀÇ ½Â¸®.
71:8.13 (807.9) 11.
ÀüÀïÀÇ Á¾°á¡ª¿©·¯ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ´ë·ú ¹ýÁ¤ÀÌ ±¹°¡¿Í Á¾Á·ÀÇ ÀÇ°ß Â÷À̸¦ ±¹Á¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ÆÇ°áÇÏ´Â °Í. ´ë·ú ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼ Á¤±âÀûÀ¸·Î
ÀºÅðÇÏ´Â ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î ¼±ÅõÈ, Ç༺ÀÇ ÃÖ°í ÀçÆÇ¼Ò°¡ ÀÌ ¹ýÁ¤À» ÁÖ°üÇÑ´Ù. ´ë·ú ¹ýÁ¤Àº ±ÇÇÑÀ» °¡Áö¸ç,
¼¼°è ¹ýÁ¤Àº ÀÚ¹®ÇÑ´Ù¡ªµµ´ö¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÑ´Ù.
71:8.14 (807.10) 12.
ÁöÇýÀÇ Ãß±¸°¡ ¼¼°è¿¡ ³Î¸® À¯ÇàÇÏ´Â °Í¡ªÃ¶ÇÐÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁö´Â °Í. ¼¼°è Á¾±³ÀÇ ÁøÈ, À̰ÍÀº Ç༺ÀÌ ºû°ú »ý¸í ¼Ó¿¡
¾ÈÁ¤µÇ´Â Ãʱ⠱¹¸é¿¡ µé¾î°¨À» ¿¹½ÃÇÑ´Ù.
71:8.15 (807.11) À̰͵éÀÌ
Áøº¸ÇÏ´Â Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÇÊ¿ä Á¶°ÇÀÌ¿ä, ÀÌ»óÀû ±¹°¡ÀÇ Ç¥½ÃÀÌ´Ù. À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ´Â ÀÌ ³ôÀº ÀÌ»óÀ» ÀÌ·èÇϱ⿡ ¾ÆµæÈ÷ ¸Ö¾úÁö¸¸,
¹®¸íÈµÈ ¹ÎÁ·µéÀº ù °ÉÀ½À» ³»µðµð¾ú´Ù¡ªÀηù´Â ´õ ³ôÀÌ ÁøÈÇÏ´Â ¿î¸íÀ» ÇâÇÏ¿© ÇàÁøÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
71:8.16 (807.12) [³×¹Ùµ·ÀÇ
ÇÑ ¸á±â¼¼µ¦ÀÌ ÈÄ¿øÇÏ¿´´Ù.]
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8. The Character of Statehood
71:8.1 The only sacred feature of any human
government is the division of statehood into the three domains
of executive, legislative, and judicial functions. The universe
is administered in accordance with such a plan of segregation
of functions and authority. Aside from this divine concept of
effective social regulation or civil government, it matters
little what form of state a people may elect to have provided
the citizenry is ever progressing toward the goal of augmented
self-control and increased social service. The intellectual
keenness, economic wisdom, social cleverness, and moral stamina
of a people are all faithfully reflected in statehood.
71:8.2 The evolution of statehood entails progress from level
to level, as follows:
71:8.3. 1. The creation of a threefold government of executive,
legislative, and judicial branches.
71:8.4. 2. The freedom of social, political, and religious activities.
71:8.5. 3. The abolition of all forms of slavery and human bondage.
71:8.6. 4. The ability of the citizenry to control the levying
of taxes.
71:8.7. 5. The establishment of universal education-learning
extended from the cradle to the grave.
71:8.8. 6. The proper adjustment between local and national
governments.
71:8.9. 7. The fostering of science and the conquest of disease.
71:8.10. 8. The due recognition of sex equality and the co-ordinated
functioning of men and women in the home, school, and church,
with specialized service of women in industry and government.
71:8.11. 9. The elimination of toiling slavery by machine invention
and the subsequent mastery of the machine age.
71:8.12. 10. The conquest of dialects-the triumph of a universal
language.
71:8.13 The ending of war-international adjudication of national
and racial differences by continental courts of nations presided
over by a supreme planetary tribunal automatically recruited
from the periodically retiring heads of the continental courts.
The continental courts are authoritative; the world court is
advisory-moral.
71:8.14 The world-wide vogue of the pursuit of wisdom-the exaltation
of philosophy. The evolution of a world religion, which will
presage the entrance of the planet upon the earlier phases of
settlement in light and life.
71:8.15 These are the prerequisites of progressive government
and the earmarks of ideal statehood. Urantia is far from the
realization of these exalted ideals, but the civilized races
have made a beginning-mankind is on the march toward higher
evolutionary destinies.
71:8.16 [Sponsored by a Melchizedek of Nebadon. ]
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