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Paper
59 :
The Marine-Life Era on Urantia
59:0.1 We reckon the history of Urantia as beginning about one
billion years ago and extending through five major eras:
59:0.2 The prelife era extends over the initial four hundred
and fifty million years, from about the time the planet attained
its present size to the time of life establishment. Your students
have designated this period as the Archeozoic.
59:0.3 The life-dawn era extends over the next one hundred and
fifty million years. This epoch intervenes between the preceding
prelife or cataclysmic age and the following period of more
highly developed marine life. This era is known to your researchers
as the Proterozoic.
59:0.4 The marine-life era covers the next two hundred and fifty
million years and is best known to you as the Paleozoic.
59:0.5 The early land-life era extends over the next one hundred
million years and is known as the Mesozoic.
59:0.6 The mammalian era occupies the last fifty million years.
This recent-times era is known as the Cenozoic.
59:0.7 The marine-life era thus covers about one quarter of
your planetary history. It may be subdivided into six long periods,
each characterized by certain well-defined developments in both
the geologic realms and the biologic domains.
59:0.8 As this era begins, the sea bottoms, the extensive continental
shelves, and the numerous shallow near-shore basins are covered
with prolific vegetation. The more simple and primitive forms
of animal life have already developed from preceding vegetable
organisms, and the early animal organisms have gradually made
their way along the extensive coast lines of the various land
masses until the many inland seas are teeming with primitive
marine life. Since so few of these early organisms had shells,
not many have been preserved as fossils. Nevertheless the stage
is set for the opening chapters of that great " stone book
" of the life-record preservation which was so methodically
laid down during the succeeding ages.
59:0.9 The continent of North America is wonderfully rich in
the fossil-bearing deposits of the entire marine-life era. The
very first and oldest layers are separated from the later strata
of the preceding period by extensive erosion deposits which
clearly segregate these two stages of planetary development.
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¸Ô°í »ç´Â ´É·ÂÀº¡ªÀ̰ÍÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸¶Áö¸· ´Ù¼¼Æ÷ »ý¹°À̾ú´Âµ¥¡ªÀÌ Á¾·ù°¡ ¾î°¼ Å©°Ô Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ¿À·§µ¿¾È
»ì¾Æ³²¾Ò´Â°¡ ¼³¸íÇØ ÁØ´Ù.
59:1.20 (674.6) À̰ÍÀÌ
¼¼°è ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ 5õ¸¸ ³â¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ±ä ±â°£ ³¡¿¡¼ º», À¯¶õ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ »ý¹°ÁöÁúÇÐÀû ±×¸²À̾ú°í, ÀÌ ±â°£À» ³ÊÈñ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚ´Â
Ä·ºê¸®¾Æ±â(Ѻ)¶ó°í ÁöĪÇÑ´Ù.
°¢ÁÖ[1] 59:1.12 ÀÌÆÇ¾Ï
: ÀÌÆÇ¾Ï(shale)Àº ÁøÈëÀÌ ÃþÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾î »ý±â´Â ¹ÙÀ§¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
¡ãTop
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1. Early
Marine Life in the Shallow Seas
The Trilobite Age
59:1.1 By the dawn of this period of relative
quiet on the earth's surface, life is confined to the various
inland seas and the oceanic shore line; as yet no form of land
organism has evolved. Primitive marine animals are well established
and are prepared for the next evolutionary development. Ameba
are typical survivors of this initial stage of animal life,
having made their appearance toward the close of the preceding
transition period.
59:1.2 400,000,000 years ago marine life, both vegetable and
animal, is fairly well distributed over the whole world. The
world climate grows slightly warmer and becomes more equable.
There is a general inundation of the seashores of the various
continents, particularly of North and South America. New oceans
appear, and the older bodies of water are greatly enlarged.
59:1.3 Vegetation now for the first time crawls out upon the
land and soon makes considerable progress in adaptation to a
nonmarine habitat.
59:1.4 Suddenly and without gradation ancestry the first multicellular
animals make their appearance. The trilobites have evolved,
and for ages they dominate the seas. From the standpoint of
marine life this is the trilobite age.
59:1.5 In the later portion of this time segment much of North
America and Europe emerged from the sea. The crust of the earth
was temporarily stabilized; mountains, or rather high elevations
of land, rose along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, over the
West Indies, and in southern Europe. The entire Caribbean region
was highly elevated.
59:1.6 390,000,000 y ears ago the land was still elevated. Over
parts of eastern and western America and western Europe may
be found the stone strata laid down during these times, and
these are the oldest rocks which contain trilobite fossils.
There were many long fingerlike gulfs projecting into the land
masses in which were deposited these fossil-bearing rocks.
59:1.7 Within a few million years the Pacific Ocean began to
invade the American continents. The sinking of the land was
principally due to crustal adjustment, although the lateral
land spread, or continental creep, was also a factor.
59:1.8 380,000,000 years ago Asia was subsiding, and all other
continents were experiencing a short-lived emergence. But as
this epoch progressed, the newly appearing Atlantic Ocean made
extensive inroads on all adjacent coast lines. The northern
Atlantic or Arctic seas were then connected with the southern
Gulf waters. When this southern sea entered the Appalachian
trough, its waves broke upon the east against mountains as high
as the Alps, but in general the continents were uninteresting
lowlands, utterly devoid of scenic beauty.
59:1.9 The sedimentary deposits of these ages are of four sorts:
59:1.10 Conglomerates-matter deposited near the shore lines.
59:1.11 Sandstones-deposits made in shallow water but where
the waves were sufficient to prevent mud settling.
59:1.12 Shales-deposits made in the deeper and more quiet water.
59:1.13 Limestone-including the deposits of trilobite shells
in deep water.
59:1.14 The trilobite fossils of these times present certain
basic uniformities coupled with certain well-marked variations.
The early animals developing from the three original life implantations
were characteristic; those appearing in the Western Hemisphere
were slightly different from those of the Eurasian group and
from the Australasian or Australian-Antarctic type.
59:1.15 370,000,000 years ago the great and almost total submergence
of North and South America occurred, followed by the sinking
of Africa and Australia. Only certain parts of North America
remained above these shallow Cambrian seas. Five million years
later the seas were retreating before the rising land. And all
of these phenomena of land sinking and land rising were undramatic,
taking place slowly over millions of years.
59:1.16 The trilobite fossil-bearing strata of this epoch outcrop
here and there throughout all the continents except in central
Asia. In many regions these rocks are horizontal, but in the
mountains they are tilted and distorted because of pressure
and folding. And such pressure has, in many places, changed
the original character of these deposits. Sandstone has been
turned into quartz, shale has been changed to slate, while limestone
has been converted into marble.
59:1.17 360,000,000 years ago the land was still rising. North
and South America were well up. Western Europe and the British
Isles were emerging, except parts of Wales, which were deeply
submerged. There were no great ice sheets during these ages.
The supposed glacial deposits appearing in connection with these
strata in Europe, Africa, China, and Australia are due to isolated
mountain glaciers or to the displacement of glacial debris of
later origin. The world climate was oceanic, not continental.
The southern seas were warmer then than now, and they extended
northward over North America up to the polar regions. The Gulf
Stream coursed over the central portion of North America, being
deflected eastward to bathe and warm the shores of Greenland,
making that now ice-mantled continent a veritable tropic Paradise.
59:1.18 The marine life was much alike the world over and consisted
of the seaweeds, one-celled organisms, simple sponges, trilobites,
and other crustaceans-shrimps, crabs, and lobsters. Three thousand
varieties of brachiopods appeared at the close of this period,
only two hundred of which have survived. These animals represent
a variety of early life which has come down to the present time
practically unchanged.
59:1.19 But the trilobites were the dominant living creatures.
They were sexed animals and existed in many forms; being poor
swimmers, they sluggishly floated in the water or crawled along
the sea bottoms, curling up in self-protection when attacked
by their later appearing enemies. They grew in length from two
inches to one foot and developed into four distinct groups:
carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous, and " mud eaters.
" The ability of the latter group largely to subsist on
inorganic matter-being the last multicelled animal that could-explains
their great increase and long survival.
59:1.20 This was the biogeologic picture of Urantia at the end
of that long period of the world's history, embracing fifty
million years, designated by your geologists as the Cambrian.
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2.
Á¦1 ´ë·ú È«¼ö ´Ü°è
¹«Ã´Ãß µ¿¹° ½Ã´ë
59:2.1 (674.7) ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À»
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°ÅÀÇ ¶Ç´Â µµ¹«Áö È»ê Ȱµ¿ÀÌ µÚµû¸£Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¿¬´Þ¾Æ ¶¥ÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£°í ²¨Áö´Â µ¿¾È ³»³», ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ´ë·úÀÇ
¸ðü´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¶¥ µ¢¾î¸®µé°ú °°Àº ¿ª»ç¸¦ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ÇÔ²² °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ ´ë·úÀº ¸¹Àº ¹ü¶÷À» °Þ¾ú°í, ƯÈ÷ Ãʱâ
¿ª»ç¿¡¼, óÀ½¿¡´Â ÇÑÂÊ¿¡¼ ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÂÊ¿¡¼ °¡¶ó¾É¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ´ë·úÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¿©·¯ ´ë·ú¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÉ
¼ö ÀÖ´Â, ÇѰᰰÀº ¹ÙÀ§ ÅðÀû¹°À» ³»³õÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ´Â ¸ðµç ¶¥ µ¢¾î¸® °¡¿îµ¥ °¡Àå ¾ÈÁ¤µÇ¾î
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
59:2.2 (675.1) 350,000,000³â
Àü¿¡´Â Áß¾Ó ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¸¦ Á¦Ãijõ°í, ¸ðµç ´ë·ú¿¡¼ Å« È«¼ö ½Ã±â°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ¶¥ µ¢¾î¸®µéÀº °ÅµìÇØ¼ ¹°·Î µ¤¿´´Ù.
¿ÀÁ÷ ÇØ¾ÈÀÇ °íÁöµé¸¸ ¾è°íµµ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁø, µ¿¿äÇÏ´Â ³»·úÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù À§¿¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 3´ë ¹ü¶÷ÀÌ ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À»
³ªÅ¸³ÂÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ ³¡³ª±â Àü¿¡, ´ë·úµéÀº ´Ù½Ã ¿Ã¶ó¼¹°í, ¶¥ÀÌ ¹° À§¿¡ ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸¥ ¸éÀûÀÇ ÃÑÇÕÀº Áö±Ý Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â
°Íº¸´Ù 15ÆÛ¼¾Æ®°¡ ÄÇ´Ù. Ä«¸®ºñ¾È Áö¿ªÀº ¾îÁö°£È÷ ³ô¾ÆÁ³´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â À¯·´¿¡¼ Àß Ç¥½ÃµÇÁö ¾Ê´Âµ¥, ÀÌ´Â
¶¥ÀÇ º¯µ¿ÀÌ Àû°í, ÇÑÆí È»êÀÇ È°µ¿ÀÌ ´õ Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
59:2.3 (675.2) 340,000,000³â
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´ëü·Î ¼·Î ¼¯¿´´Ù. À̶§´Â ´ë´ÜÇÑ ¼®È¸¾Ï ½Ã´ë¿´°í, ÀÌ ½Ã´ë¿¡ »ý±ä µ¹ÀÇ »ó´çÇÑ ¾çÀº ¼®È¸¸¦ ºÐºñÇÏ´Â Á¶·ù(ðÝ×¾)°¡
¸¸µé¾î ³½ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
59:2.4 (675.3) ¸î¹é¸¸
³â µÚ¿¡ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ µÎ ´ë·ú°ú À¯·´ÀÇ Å« ºÎºÐÀº ¹°¿¡¼ ºñ·Î¼Ò ¼Ú¾Æ³µ´Ù. ¼¹Ý±¸¿¡¼´Â ÅÂÆò¾çÀÇ ÇÑ °¡´Ú¸¸ ¸ß½ÃÄÚ¿Í
ÇöÀçÀÇ ·ÏŰ »ê¸Æ Áö¿ª À§¿¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ ³¡ÀÌ °¡±î¿ö¿ÀÀÚ ´ë¼¾ç°ú ÅÂÆò¾çÀÇ ÇØ¾ÈÀº ´Ù½Ã °¡¶ó¾É±â
½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù.
59:2.5 (675.4) 330,000,000³â
ÀüÀº Àü¼¼°è¿¡ °ÉÃļ ºñ±³Àû °í¿äÇÑ ½Ã°£ ±¸¿ªÀÌ ½ÃÀÛµÊÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇϸç, ¸¹Àº ¶¥ÀÌ ´Ù½Ã ¹° À§¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Àû¸·ÇÑ
¶¥ÀÌ ÀÌ·¸°Ô Áö¹èÇÑ µ¥ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¿¹¿Ü´Â ÄËÅÍŰ µ¿ºÎ¿¡¼ ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Å« È»ê ºÐÃâÀ̾ú°í, À̰ÍÀº ¼¼°è°¡ ÀÏÂïÀÌ
º» °¡Àå Å« ´ÜÀÏ È»ê Ȱµ¿ Áß¿¡ Çϳª¿´´Ù. ÀÌ È»êÀç´Â 4.6¹ÌÅÍ¿¡¼ 6¹ÌÅÍÀÇ ±íÀÌ·Î 1280 Æò¹æ ų·Î¹ÌÅ͸¦
µ¤¾ú´Ù.
59:2.6 (675.5) 320,000,000³â
Àü¿¡ ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡¼ ¼¼ ¹øÂ°·Î Å« È«¼ö°¡ ÅÍÁ³´Ù. ÀÌ ¹ü¶÷À¸·Î »ý±ä ¹Ù´Ù´Â ÀÌÀüÀÇ ´ëÈ«¼ö¿¡ Àá°å´ø ¶¥À» ¸ðµÎ
µ¤¾ú°í, ÇÑÆí µÎ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í À¯·´ Àü¿ª¿¡ °ÉÃļ ¿©·¯ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ´õ ¸Ö¸® »¸¾ú´Ù. ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ µ¿ºÎ¿Í ¼ À¯·´Àº
3000¹ÌÅÍ¿¡¼ 4600¹ÌÅͱîÁö ¹° ¹ØÀ¸·Î Àá°å´Ù.
59:2.7 (675.6) 310,000,000³â
Àü¿¡ ¼¼°èÀÇ ¶¥ µ¢¾î¸®µéÀº, ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ³²ºÎ¸¦ »©°í, ´Ù½Ã ¾¦ ¿Ã¶ó¿Í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¸ß½ÃÄÚ°¡ ¼Ú¾Æ³ª¼ ÀÌ·¸°Ô
°ÉÇÁ ÇØ¸¦ ¸¸µé¾úÀ¸¸ç, À̰ÍÀº ±× µÚ·Î ½ÅºÐÀ» À¯ÁöÇß´Ù.
59:2.8 (675.7) ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ
»ý¸íÀº ÁÙ°ð ÁøÈÇÑ´Ù. ¼¼»óÀº ´Ù½Ã ÇÑ ¹ø Á¶¿ëÇÏ°í ºñ±³Àû ÆòÈ·Ó´Ù. ±âÈÄ´Â µûµíÇÏ°í ¿ÂÈÇÑ Ã¤·Î ÀÖ°í, À°ÁöÀÇ
½Ä¹°ÀÌ ¹Ù´å°¡·ÎºÎÅÍ ´õ¿í ¸Ö¸® ¿Å°Ü °£´Ù. »ý¸í ¿øº»µéÀÌ Àß ¹ß´ÞµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ½Ä¹° ȼ®Àº
°ÅÀÇ ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
59:2.9 (675.8) À̶§´Â
°³º° µ¿¹° À¯±âü°¡ ÁøÈÇÑ ´ë´ÜÇÑ ½Ã´ë¿´´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ½Ä¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¿¹°·Î ¿Å°Ü°¡´Â °Í°ú °°Àº ¸¹Àº ±âº»Àû º¯È´Â
±×º¸´Ù ¾Õ¼ ÀϾ´Ù. ôÃß°¡ ¾ø´Â ¼öÁØÀÇ ¸ðµç »ý¸í ºÎ·ù°¡ ÀÌ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ³õÀÎ ¹ÙÀ§ÀÇ È¼®¿¡¼ ´ëÇ¥µÇ´Â Á¡±îÁö,
ÇØ¾ç µ¿¹°°è°¡ ¹ßÀüµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ µ¿¹°Àº ¸ðµÎ ÇØ¾ç À¯±âü¿´´Ù. ¹Ù´å°¡¸¦ µû¶ó¼ ¶¥¼Ó¿¡ ÆÄ°íµç ¸î Á¾·ùÀÇ
¹ú·¹µéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϰí, ¾Æ¹« À°Áö µ¿¹°ÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, À°Áö ½Ä¹°µµ ¾ÆÁ÷ ´ë·úÀ» µÚµ¤Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ´ë±â¿¡
¾ÆÁ÷µµ 2»êÈ Åº¼Ò°¡ ³Ê¹« ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¼ °ø±â·Î ¼û½¬´Â °ÍÀÌ »ì°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. Á»´õ ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ ¾î¶² °ÍµéÀ»
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59:2.10 (676.1) »ï¿±ÃæÀº
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»ï¿±Ãæ °¡¿îµ¥ ´õ·¯´Â 25¿¡¼ 4õ °³ÀÇ ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÛÀº ´«ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í, ´õ·¯´Â ÅðÈµÈ ´«ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ ¸·À»
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¶§ ½Ï ¸ê¸ÁÇß´Ù.
59:2.11 (676.2) ¼®È¸¸¦
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Á¾·ùÀÇ ÇØÆÄ¸®°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥ ±× µÚ·Î ¸êÁ¾ÇØ ¹ö·È´Ù. »êÈ£¿Í Èıâ Á¾·ùÀÇ ÇØ¸éÀÌ ÁøÈÇß´Ù. µÎÁ··ù(Ôéðë×¾)°¡ Àß
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59:2.12 (676.3) ¸¹Àº
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º¹Á··ù(ÜÙðë×¾)°¡ °í´ëÀÇ ¹Ù´å¹°¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í ±×µéÀº ²®ÁúÀÌ ÇϳªÀÎ µÎµå·°°íµÕ¤ý°æ´Ü°íµÕ¤ý´ÞÆØÀ̸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇß´Ù. ½Ö°¢(äªÊÃ)
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Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. ¹ëºê ²®ÁúÀ» °¡Áø À¯±âüµéµµ ¶ÇÇÑ ÁøÈÇß°í, ÀÌ ¿ÏÁ··ù(èÓðë×¾)´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ºñ½ÁÇϰÔ
±× °í´ëÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù¿¡¼ »ì¾Ò´Ù. À̰͵éÀº µ¹Â¼±Í°¡ ´Þ¸° Á¾·ù, Åé´Ï ÀÖ´Â Á¾·ù, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ º¸È£ÇÏ´Â ¹ëºê
¼³ºñ±îÁö °¡Á³´Ù.
59:2.13 (676.4) ÀÌ·¸°Ô
ÇØ¾ç »ý¸í¿¡¼ µÑ°·Î Å« ±â°£¿¡ °üÇÑ ÁøÈ À̾߱Ⱑ ³¡³ª¸ç, À̰ÍÀº ³ÊÈñÀÇ ÁöÁúÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô ¿À¸£µµºñ½º±â(Ѻ)·Î
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¡ãTop
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2. The First
Continental Flood Stage
The Invertebrate-Animal Age
59:2.1 The periodic phenomena of land elevation
and land sinking characteristic of these times were all gradual
and nonspectacular, being accompanied by little or no volcanic
action. Throughout all of these successive land elevations and
depressions the Asiatic mother continent did not fully share
the history of the other land bodies. It experienced many inundations,
dipping first in one direction and then another, more particularly
in its earlier history, but it does not present the uniform
rock deposits which may be discovered on the other continents.
In recent ages Asia has been the most stable of all the land
masses.
59:2.2 350,000,000 years ago saw the beginning of the great
flood period of all the continents except central Asia. The
land masses were repeatedly covered with water; only the coastal
highlands remained above these shallow but widespread oscillatory
inland seas. Three major inundations characterized this period,
but before it ended, the continents again arose, the total land
emergence being fifteen per cent greater than now exists. The
Caribbean region was highly elevated. This period is not well
marked off in Europe because the land fluctuations were less,
while the volcanic action was more persistent.
59:2.3 340,000,000 years ago there occurred another extensive
land sinking except in Asia and Australia. The waters of the
world's oceans were generally commingled. This was a great limestone
age, much of its stone being laid down by lime-secreting algae.
59:2.4 A few million years later large portions of the American
continents and Europe began to emerge from the water. In the
Western Hemisphere only an arm of the Pacific Ocean remained
over Mexico and the present Rocky Mountain regions, but near
the close of this epoch the Atlantic and Pacific coasts again
began to sink.
59:2.5 330,000,000 years ago marks the beginning of a time sector
of comparative quiet all over the world, with much land again
above water. The only exception to this reign of terrestrial
quiet was the eruption of the great North American volcano of
eastern Kentucky, one of the greatest single volcanic activities
the world has ever known. The ashes of this volcano covered
five hundred square miles to a depth of from fifteen to twenty
feet.
59:2.6 320,000,000 years ago the third major flood of this period
occurred. The waters of this inundation covered all the land
submerged by the preceding deluge, while extending farther in
many directions all over the Americas and Europe. Eastern North
America and western Europe were from 10,000 to 15,000 feet under
water.
59:2.7 310,000,000 y ears ago the land masses of the world were
again well up excepting the southern parts of North America.
Mexico emerged, thus creating the Gulf Sea, which has ever since
maintained its identity.
59:2.8 The life of this period continues to evolve. The world
is once again quiet and relatively peaceful; the climate remains
mild and equable; the land plants are migrating farther and
farther from the seashores. The life patterns are well developed,
although few plant fossils of these times are to be found.
59:2.9 This was the great age of individual animal organismal
evolution, though many of the basic changes, such as the transition
from plant to animal, had previously occurred. The marine fauna
developed to the point where every type of life below the vertebrate
scale was represented in the fossils of those rocks which were
laid down during these times. But all of these animals were
marine organisms. No land animals had yet appeared except a
few types of worms which burrowed along the seashores, nor had
the land plants yet overspread the continents; there was still
too much carbon dioxide in the air to permit of the existence
of air breathers. Primarily, all animals except certain of the
more primitive ones are directly or indirectly dependent on
plant life for their existence.
59:2.10 The trilobites were still prominent. These little animals
existed in tens of thousands of patterns and were the predecessors
of modern crustaceans. Some of the trilobites had from twenty-five
to four thousand tiny eyelets; others had aborted eyes. As this
period closed, the trilobites shared domination of the seas
with several other forms of invertebrate life. But they utterly
perished during the beginning of the next period.
59:2.11 Lime-secreting algae were widespread. There existed
thousands of species of the early ancestors of the corals. Sea
worms were abundant, and there were many varieties of jellyfish
which have since become extinct. Corals and the later types
of sponges evolved. The cephalopods were well developed, and
they have survived as the modern pearly nautilus, octopus, cuttlefish,
and squid.
59:2.12 There were many varieties of shell animals, but their
shells were not then so much needed for defensive purposes as
in subsequent ages. The gastropods were present in the waters
of the ancient seas, and they included single-shelled drills,
periwinkles, and snails. The bivalve gastropods have come on
down through the intervening millions of years much as they
then existed and embrace the muscles, clams, oysters, and scallops.
The valve-shelled organisms also evolved, and these brachiopods
lived in those ancient waters much as they exist today; they
even had hinged, notched, and other sorts of protective arrangements
of their valves.
59:2.13 So ends the evolutionary story of the second great period
of marine life, which is known to your geologists as the Ordovician.
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3.
Á¦2 ´ëÈ«¼ö ´Ü°è
»êÈ£ ±â°£¡ª¿ÏÁ··ù ½Ã´ë
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ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» »ïŰ·Á°í ÁغñÇÏ¿´´Ù. À°Áö´Â ¹Ù´Ù À§·Î ±×´ÙÁö ³ôÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¼, ÇØ¾È¼± µÑ·¹¿¡
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¶³¾îÁ®¼ ¾ÆÁÖ µÎÅÍ¿î ¼®È¸¼® ÃþÀ» Â÷Ãû ½×¾Ò´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ Ã³À½À¸·Î ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¼®È¸¼® ħÀüÀ̸ç, ½ÇÁúÀûÀ¸·Î À¯·´°ú
ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« Àüü¸¦ µ¤Áö¸¸, ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸î ±ºµ¥¿¡¼¸¸ ¶¥°ÅÁ׿¡ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù. ÀÌ °í´ë ¹ÙÀ§ ÃþÀÇ µÎ²²´Â Æò±Õ ¾à 300¹ÌÅͰ¡
µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ Ä§Àü¹°ÀÇ ´Ù¼ö´Â ±× µÚ¿¡ ÇÑÂÊÀ¸·Î ±â¿ï¾îÁö°í ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£°í ´ÜÃþÀÌ »ý±èÀ¸·Î Å©°Ô ¸ð½ÀÀÌ Àϱ׷¯Á³°í,
¸¹Àº °ÍÀÌ Â÷µ¹¤ýÀÌÆÇ¾Ï¤ý´ë¸®¼®À¸·Î º¯Çß´Ù.
59:3.2 (676.6) À¯·´ ³²ºÎ¿Í
¸ÞÀÎ ÁÖ µ¿ºÎÀÇ Å« È»êµé¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í Äùº¤ÀÇ ¿ë¾Ï È帧À» Á¦Ãijõ°í, ¾Æ¹«·± ȼº¾ÏÀ̳ª ¿ë¾ÏÀÌ ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ
¹ÙÀ§ Ãþ¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. È»ê Ȱµ¿Àº ´ëü·Î Áö³µ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â ¹°¿¡ ħÀüÀÌ »ý±â´Â Àü¼º±â¿´°í, °ÅÀÇ
¶Ç´Â ¾Æ¹«·± »ê(ߣ)ÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
59:3.3 (676.7) 290,000,000³â
Àü¿¡ ¹Ù´Ù´Â ´ëü·Î ´ë·úµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹°·¯³µ°í, µÑ·¯½Î´Â ´ë¾çµéÀÇ ¹Ø¹Ù´ÚÀº °¡¶ó¾É°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¶¥ µ¢¾î¸®µéÀº ´Ù½Ã
¹°¿¡ Àá±â±â±îÁö °ÅÀÇ º¯ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¸ðµç ´ë·ú¿¡¼ ÃʱâÀÇ »ê ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú°í, ÀÌ ¶¥ ²®ÁúÀÇ À¶±â °¡¿îµ¥
°¡Àå Å« °ÍÀº ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ È÷¸»¶ó¾ß, ±×¸®°í Å« Ä®·¹µµ´Ï¾Æ »ê¸ÆÀ̾ú´Âµ¥, À̰ÍÀº ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ ½ºÄàÆ®·£µå¸¦ °ÅÃļ
½ºÇÍÃ÷¹ö°Õ±îÁö »¸´Â´Ù.
59:3.4 (677.1) ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ
¸ÅÀå¹°¿¡´Â °¡½º¤ý±â¸§¤ý¾Æ¿¬¤ý³³ÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÇ¸ç, °¡½º¿Í ±â¸§Àº ¾Õ¼ À°Áö°¡ °¡¶ó¾ÉÀ» ¶§ ¹ØÀ¸·Î ³»·Á°£ ±²ÀåÇÑ
ÁýÇÕÀÇ ½Ä¹° ¹× µ¿¹° ¹°Áú·ÎºÎÅÍ ºñ·ÔµÈ´Ù. ÇÑÆí ¸ÅÀåµÈ ±¤¹°Àº ´À¸° ¼ö¿ª(â©æ´)ÀÇ Ä§Àü¹°À» ´ëÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù¼öÀÇ
¹ÙÀ§ ¼Ò±Ý ¸ÅÀå¹°ÀÌ ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù.
59:3.5 (677.2) »ï¿±ÃæÀÌ
±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ ÁÙ¾îµé°í ¹«´ëÀÇ Áß½ÉÀº ´õ Å« ¿¬Ã¼ µ¿¹°, °ð µÎÁ··ù(Ôéðë×¾)°¡ Â÷ÁöÇß´Ù. ÀÌ µ¿¹°Àº ±æÀ̰¡ 4.6¹ÌÅÍ,
Áö¸§ÀÌ 30¼¾Æ¼¹ÌÅͰ¡ µÇ°Ô ÀÚ¶ú°í, ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ ÁÖÀÎÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Á¾(ðú)ÀÇ µ¿¹°Àº °©Àڱ⠳ªÅ¸³ª¼ ¹Ù´Ù »ý¸íÀ»
Áö¹èÇß´Ù.
59:3.6 (677.3) ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ
Å« È»ê Ȱµ¿Àº À¯·´ ±¸¿ª¿¡¼ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÁöÁßÇØ °ñ µÑ·¹¿¡, ±×¸®°í ƯÈ÷ ¿µ±¹ Á¦µµ ±Ùó¿¡¼ ÀÌÁ¦ »ý±ä °Í°ú
°°ÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ¸Í·ÄÇÏ°í ³Î¸® ÆÛÁø È»êÀÇ ºÐÃâÀº ¼ö¹é¸¸ ³â µ¿¾È ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿µ±¹ Á¦µµ Áö¿ª À§·Î
ÆÛÁø ¿ë¾ÏÀÇ È帧Àº µÎ²²°¡ 7600¹ÌÅͳª µÇ°Ô ¿ë¾Ï°ú ¹ÙÀ§°¡ ¹ø°¥¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ÃþÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³´Ù. ¾èÀº ¹Ù´Ù ¹Ø¹Ù´Ú
À§¿¡ ÆÛÁø, À̵û±Ý¾¿ »ý±â´Â ¿ë¾Ï È帧ÀÌ ÀÌ ¹ÙÀ§µéÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú°í, ÀÌó·³ ¹ÙÀ§ ¸ÅÀå¹°°ú ¼¯¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ
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59:3.7 (677.4) ÇØ¾ç¼º
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ȼ®ÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ºÏ±Ø±îÁö, ÀÌ ÅðÀû¹°¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. º¹Á··ù¤ý¿ÏÁ··ù¤ýÇØ¸é, ±×¸®°í »êÈ£Ãʸ¦ ¸¸µå´Â »êÈ£°¡
ÁÙ°ð ´Ã¾î³µ´Ù.
59:3.8 (677.5) ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ
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µÎÁ··ù°¡ ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀ» Áö¹èÇϰí, ÇÑÆí °ü·ÃµÈ »ý¸í ÇüŰ¡ Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÇÏ°í ºÐȵȴÙ.
59:3.9 (677.6) 280,000,000³â
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µÎ²²´Â ¾à 200¹ÌÅͰ¡ µÈ´Ù. ³ªÀ̾ư¡¶ó ÅðÀû¹° ¹Ù·Î À§¿¡¼ ¿ª¾Ï, ÀÌÆÇ¾Ï, ¹ÙÀ§ ¼Ò±ÝÀÇ ÁýÇÕü°¡ ¿©·¯ Áö¿ª¿¡¼
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Â¥¼ °ÅÀÇ ¾Æ¹« »ý¸íµµ »ì¾Æ³²Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù.
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¡ãTop
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3.
The Second Great Flood Stage
The Coral Period¡ªThe
Brachiopod Age
59:3.1 300,000,000 years ago another great
period of land submergence began. The southward and northward
encroachment of the ancient Silurian seas made ready to engulf
most of Europe and North America. The land was not elevated
far above the sea so that not much deposition occurred about
the shore lines. The seas teemed with lime-shelled life, and
the falling of these shells to the sea bottom gradually built
up very thick layers of limestone. This is the first widespread
limestone deposit, and it covers practically all of Europe and
North America but only appears at the earth's surface in a few
places. The thickness of this ancient rock layer averages about
one thousand feet, but many of these deposits have since been
greatly deformed by tilting, upheavals, and faulting, and many
have been changed to quartz, shale, and marble.
59:3.2 No fire rocks or lava are found in the stone layers of
this period except those of the great volcanoes of southern
Europe and eastern Maine and the lava flows of Quebec. Volcanic
action was largely past. This was the height of great water
deposition; there was little or no mountain building.
59:3.3 290,000,000 years ago the sea had largely withdrawn from
the continents, and the bottoms of the surrounding oceans were
sinking. The land masses were little changed until they were
again submerged. The early mountain movements of all the continents
were beginning, and the greatest of these crustal upheavals
were the Himalayas of Asia and the great Caledonian Mountains,
extending from Ireland through Scotland and on to Spitzbergen.
59:3.4 It is in the deposits of this age that much of the gas,
oil, zinc, and lead are found, the gas and oil being derived
from the enormous collections of vegetable and animal matter
carried down at the time of the previous land submergence, while
the mineral deposits represent the sedimentation of sluggish
bodies of water. Many of the rock salt deposits belong to this
period.
59:3.5 The trilobites rapidly declined, and the center of the
stage was occupied by the larger mollusks, or cephalopods. These
animals grew to be fifteen feet long and one foot in diameter
and became masters of the seas. This species of animal appeared
suddenly and assumed dominance of sea life.
59:3.6 The great volcanic activity of this age was in the European
sector. Not in millions upon millions of years had such violent
and extensive volcanic eruptions occurred as now took place
around the Mediterranean trough and especially in the neighborhood
of the British Isles. This lava flow over the British Isles
region today appears as alternate layers of lava and rock 25,000
feet thick. These rocks were laid down by the intermittent lava
flows which spread out over a shallow sea bed, thus interspersing
the rock deposits, and all of this was subsequently elevated
high above the sea. Violent earthquakes took place in northern
Europe, notably in Scotland.
59:3.7 The oceanic climate remained mild and uniform, and the
warm seas bathed the shores of the polar lands. Brachiopod and
other marine-life fossils may be found in these deposits right
up to the North Pole. Gastropods, brachiopods, sponges, and
reef-making corals continued to increase.
59:3.8 The close of this epoch witnesses the second advance
of the Silurian seas with another commingling of the waters
of the southern and northern oceans. The cephalopods dominate
marine life, while associated forms of life progressively develop
and differentiate.
59:3.9 280,000,000 y ears ago the continents had largely emerged
from the second Silurian inundation. The rock deposits of this
submergence are known in North America as Niagara limestone
because this is the stratum of rock over which Niagara Falls
now flows. This layer of rock extends from the eastern mountains
to the Mississippi valley region but not farther west except
to the south. Several layers extend over Canada, portions of
South America, Australia, and most of Europe, the average thickness
of this Niagara series being about six hundred feet. Immediately
overlying the Niagara deposit, in many regions may be found
a collection of conglomerate, shale, and rock salt. This is
the accumulation of secondary subsidences. This salt settled
in great lagoons which were alternately opened up to the sea
and then cut off so that evaporation occurred with deposition
of salt along with other matter held in solution. In some regions
these rock salt beds are seventy feet thick.
59:3.10 The climate is even and mild, and marine fossils are
laid down in the arctic regions. But by the end of this epoch
the seas are so excessively salty that little life survives.
59:3.11 Toward the close of the final Silurian submergence there
is a great increase in the echinoderms-the stone lilies-as is
evidenced by the crinoid limestone deposits. The trilobites
have nearly disappeared, and the mollusks continue monarchs
of the seas; coral-reef formation increases greatly. During
this age, in the more favorable locations the primitive water
scorpions first evolve. Soon thereafter, and suddenly, the true
scorpions-actual air breathers-make their appearance.
59:3.12 These developments terminate the third marine-life period,
covering twenty-five million years and known to your researchers
as the Silurian.
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4.
À°Áö°¡ ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£´Â Å« ´Ü°è
½Ä¹°¼º À°Áö »ý¸í±â, ¹°°í±â ½Ã´ë
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¶¥°ú ¹°ÀÌ ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ù¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ÅõÀïÇϸé¼, ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ºñ±³Àû ½Â¸®ÇßÁö¸¸, À°Áö°¡ ½Â¸®ÇÏ´Â ½ÃÀýÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ´«¾Õ¿¡
´Ù°¡¿Â´Ù. ´ë·úÀÇ ¶°µ¹ÀÌ´Â ±×´ÙÁö ¸Ö¸® ÁøÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, ¶§¶§·Î, ¼¼°è¿¡¼ °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ¶¥ÀÌ °¡´À´Ù¶õ ÁöÇù°ú Á¼Àº
À°Áö ´Ù¸®·Î ¿¬°áµÈ´Ù.
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Áß¿äÇÑ ½Ã±â°¡ ¸·À» ³»¸°´Ù. Áö±¸¿¡¼ »õ·Î¿î ½Ã´ë°¡ ¹à¾Æ¿Â´Ù. ¿¾ ½ÃÀýÀÇ ¹ú°Å¹þ°í º¸À߰;ø´Â dz°æÀÌ È·ÁÇÑ Çª¸¥
¿ÊÀ» °ÉÄ¡°í, óÀ½À¸·Î ¿õ´ëÇÑ ½£µéÀÌ °ð ³ªÅ¸³¯ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
59:4.3 (678.4) ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀº ÃʱâÀÇ Á¾(ðú) ºÐ¸® ¶§¹®¿¡ ¾ÆÁÖ ´Ù¾çÇßÁö¸¸, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ÀÌ ¸ðµç
´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ù°¡ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ¼·Î ¼¯ÀÌ°í °ü°è¸¦ °¡Á³´Ù. ¿ÏÁ· µ¿¹°Àº ÀÏÂï ÀýÁ¤¿¡ À̸£·¶°í, ÀýÁö(ï½ò¶) µ¿¹°ÀÌ ±×µéÀ»
À̾î¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, µû°³ºñµéÀÌ Ã³À½À¸·Î µîÀåÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ Å« »ç°ÇÀº ¹°°í±â°ú(Ρ)°¡ °©Àڱ⠳ªÅ¸³ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
À̶§´Â ¹°°í±â ½Ã´ë°¡ µÇ¾ú°í, ¼¼°è ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àº ôÃß µ¿¹° Á¾·ùÀÌ´Ù.
59:4.4 (678.5) 270,000,000³â Àü¿¡ ´ë·úµéÀº ¸ðµÎ ¹° À§¿¡ ³ª¿Í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¼ö¹é¸¸ ³â µ¿¾È ±×·¸°Ô
¸¹Àº ¶¥ÀÌ ÇÑ ¹ø¿¡ ¹° À§¿¡ ÀÖÀº ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. À̶§´Â Àü¼¼°è ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ ¶¥ÀÌ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ³ ½Ã±âÀÇ Çϳª¿´´Ù.
59:4.5 (678.6) 5¹é¸¸ ³â µÚ¿¡, ³²ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«, À¯·´, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«, ºÏ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ, ¿À½ºÆ®¶ö¸®¾ÆÀÇ À°Áö
Áö¿ªÀÌ Àá½Ã ¹ü¶÷Çß°í, ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ ¶¥Àº ¾ðÁ¨°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹°¿¡ Àá°åÀ¸¸ç, ±× °á°ú·Î »ý±ä ¼®È¸¼® ÁöÃþÀº
µÎ²²°¡ 150¹ÌÅÍ¿¡¼ 1500¹ÌÅÍ¿¡ À̸¥´Ù. ÀÌ µ¥º»±â¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ¿©·¯ ¹Ù´Ù´Â óÀ½¿¡´Â ÇÑ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ´Ù¸¥
¹æÇâÀ¸·Î »¸¾î¼, ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¾öû³ ±ØÁö¿¡ ³»·úÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù°¡ Ä®¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ºÏºÎ¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ ÅÂÆò¾çÀ¸·Î Ãⱸ¸¦ ã¾Ò´Ù.
59:4.6 (678.7) 260,000,000³â Àü¿¡, À°Áö°¡ °¡¶ó¾É´Â ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ ³¡ ¹«·Æ¿¡, ÅÂÆò¾ç¤ý´ë¼¾ç¤ý
ºÏ±ØÇؤý°ÉÇÁÇØ¿Í[2] µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¿¬°áµÈ ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¸¦ ÀϺΠµ¤¾ú´Ù. µ¥º»±âÀÇ Ã¹Â° È«¼öÀÇ Èı⠴ܰè ÅðÀû¹°Àº
µÎ²²°¡ Æò±Õ ¾à 300¹ÌÅÍ¿¡ À̸¥´Ù. ÀÌ ½ÃÀýÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â »êÈ£ÃÊ´Â ³»·úÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ¸¼°í ¾è¾ÒÀ½À» °¡¸®Å²´Ù.
±×·¯ÇÑ »êÈ£ ÅðÀû¹°Àº ÄËÅÍŰ ÁÖÀÇ ·çÀ̺ô ±Ùó, ¿ÀÇÏÀÌ¿À °µÏ¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ¾î ÀÖ°í, µÎ²²°¡ ¾à 30¹ÌÅÍ µÇ¸ç 2¹éÀÌ
³Ñ´Â º¯Á¾À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ »êÈ£ Çü¼ºÀº Ä«³ª´Ù¿Í ºÏ À¯·´À» ÅëÇØ¼ ºÏ±Ø Áö¿ª±îÁö »¸´Â´Ù.
59:4.7 (678.8) ÀÌ Ä§¼ö¿¡ µÚÀ̾î, ¸¹Àº ÇØ¾È¼±ÀÌ »ó´çÈ÷ ³ô¾ÆÁ®¼, ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°Àº °³ÈëÀ̳ª ÀÌÆÇ¾ÏÀ¸·Î
µÚµ¤¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ºÓÀº »ç¾Ï Ãþµµ ÀÖ°í, À̰ÍÀº µ¥º»±â ħÀü¹°ÀÇ ÇÑ Æ¯Â¡À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Âµ¥, ÀÌ ºÓÀº ÃþÀº Áö±¸ÀÇ Ç¥¸é¿¡¼
»ó´ç ºÎºÐ¿¡ ¿¬ÀåµÇ°í, ³²ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«, À¯·´¤ý·¯½Ã¾Æ¤ýÁß±¹¤ý¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¤ý¿À½ºÆ®¶ö¸®¾Æ¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ºÓÀº ÅðÀû¹°Àº
°ÇÁ¶Çϰųª ¹Ý °ÇÁ¶ÇÑ Á¶°ÇÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ ±âÈÄ´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¿ÂÈÇÏ°í Æò¿ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù.
59:4.8 (679.1) ÀÌ ½Ã±â¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿©, ½Å½Ã³ªÆ¼ ¼¶ ³²µ¿ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¶¥Àº ¹° À§¿¡ ¾¦ ¿Ã¶ó¿Í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
¼ À¯·´ÀÇ ¾ÆÁÖ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀº, ¿µ±¹ Á¦µµ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇØ¼, ¹°¿¡ Àá°å´Ù. ¿þÀÏÁî¿Í µ¶ÀÏ, ±×¸®°í À¯·´ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¿©·¯ °÷¿¡¼,
µ¥º»±âÀÇ ¹ÙÀ§´Â µÎ²²°¡ 6000¹ÌÅͰ¡ µÈ´Ù.
59:4.9 (679.2) 250,000,000³â Àü¿¡´Â ¹°°í±â°ú°¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °ÍÀ» ±¸°æÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ Ã´Ãß
µ¿¹°Àº Àΰ£ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª±â ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¸ðµç ÁøÈ¿¡¼ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ´Ü°èÀÇ ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù.
59:4.10 (679.3) ÀýÁö(ï½ò¶) µ¿¹°, °ð °©°¢·ù´Â ù ôÃß µ¿¹°ÀÇ Á¶»óÀ̾ú´Ù. ¹°°í±â°úÀÇ ¼±Á¶µéÀº ¼öÁ¤µÈ
µÎ °¡Áö ÀýÁö µ¿¹°ÀÇ Á¶»óÀ̾ú´Âµ¥, Çϳª´Â ¸Ó¸®¿Í ²¿¸®¸¦ ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â ±â´Ù¶õ ¸öÀ» °¡Á³°í, ÇÑÆí ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â µî»À°¡
¾ø°í ÅÎÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¿¹ºñ ¹°°í±â¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¿¹ºñ Á¾·ùµéÀº, µ¿¹° ¼¼°è¿¡¼ ù ôÃß µ¿¹°ÀÎ ¹°°í±â°¡ ºÏÂÊ¿¡¼ °©ÀÚ±â
³ªÅ¸³µÀ» ¶§, ±ÞÈ÷ ¸ê¸ÁÇß´Ù.
59:4.11 (679.4) °¡Àå Å« Âü ¹°°í±âÀÇ ´Ù¼ö´Â ÀÌ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¼ÓÇϸç, À̸¦ °¡Áø ¾î¶² Á¾·ùµéÀº ±æÀ̰¡ 7.6¹ÌÅÍ¿¡¼
9.1¹ÌÅͰ¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ »ó¾î´Â ÀÌ °í´ë ¹°°í±âÀÇ ÀÜÀçÀÌ´Ù. Æó¾î(øËåà)¿Í °©¿Ê ¹°°í±â´Â ±×µéÀÇ ÁøÈÀÇ Á¤Á¡¿¡
À̸£·¶°í, ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ ³¡³ª±â Àü¿¡ ¹°°í±â´Â ¹Î¹°°ú §¹°, ¾çÂÊ¿¡ ÀûÀÀÇÏ¿´´Ù.
59:4.12 (679.5) ¹°°í±â ÀÌ ¹× »À°¡ ¹¯Èù ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ »ÀÀÇ ÁöÃþÀº ÀÌ ±â°£ÀÇ ³¡ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ½×ÀÎ ÅðÀû¹°¿¡¼
¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, dzºÎÇÑ È¼® ÁöÃþÀº Ä®¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ÇØ¾ÈÀ» µû¶ó ³õ¿© Àִµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ÅÂÆò¾çÀÇ ¸¹Àº ¾Æ´ÁÇÑ ¸¸ÀÌ ±×
Áö¿ªÀÇ ¶¥±îÁö »¸¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
59:4.13 (679.6) ¶¥¿¡´Â »õ ¼¿ÀÇ À°Áö ½Ä¹°ÀÌ ±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ µé²ú¾ú´Ù. ¹°°¡ ±Ùó¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí, Áö±Ý±îÁö °ÅÀÇ
¾Æ¹« ½Ä¹°µµ ¶¥¿¡¼ ÀÚ¶óÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ °©ÀÚ±â, ´Ù»êÇÏ´Â °í»ç¸®°ú°¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ°í, ¼¼°èÀÇ ¸ðµç ±¸¼®¿¡¼ ±ÞÈ÷ ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£´Â
¶¥ Ç¥¸é¿¡ »¡¸® ÆÛÁ³´Ù. µÎ²²°¡ 60¼¾Æ¼¹ÌÅÍ, ۰¡ 12¹ÌÅÍ µÇ´Â ³ª¹« Á¾·ùµéÀÌ °ð ¹ß´ÞÇß°í, ³ªÁß¿¡ ÀÙÀÌ ÁøÈÇßÁö¸¸,
ÀÌ Ãʱâ Á¾·ùµéÀº °Ü¿ì ±âÃÊÀûÀÎ ÀÙ¸¸ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÛÀº ½Ä¹°ÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸ ±× ȼ®µéÀº ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê´Âµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ´ë°³
±×µéÀÌ ´õ ÀÏÂï ³ªÅ¸³ ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ¿¡°Ô ¸ê¸ÁµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
59:4.14 (679.7) ¶¥ÀÌ ¿Ã¶ó¿ÀÀÚ, ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â ±×¸°·£µå±îÁö »¸´Â À°Áö ´Ù¸®·Î À¯·´°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯
±×¸°·£µå´Â ±× ¾óÀ½ ¿ÜÅõ ¹Ø¿¡ ÀÌ Ãʱâ À°Áö ½Ä¹°ÀÇ ÀÜÀ縦 °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.
59:4.15 (679.8) 240,000,000³â Àü¿¡ À¯·´°ú ³²ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¿©·¯ ºÎºÐÀÇ ¶¥ÀÌ °¡¶ó¾É±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù.
ÀÌ Ä§¸ôÀº ¸¶Áö¸·ÀÌÀÚ °¡Àå Àû°Ô ÆÛÁø µ¥º»±â È«¼ö°¡ ³ªÅ¸³µÀ½À» Ç¥½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ºÏ±ØÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù´Â ´Ù½Ã ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ
»ó´çÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î ¿òÁ÷¿´°í, ´ë¼¾çÀº À¯·´°ú ¼ ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ Å« ºÎºÐ¿¡ ³ÑÃÆÀ¸¸ç, ÇÑÆí ³²ÅÂÆò¾çÀº ÀεµÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» µ¤¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌ ¹ü¶÷Àº õõÈ÷ ³ªÅ¸³µ°í, ¶È°°ÀÌ ´À¸®°Ô ¹°·¯°¬´Ù. Çê½¼ ° ¼ÂÊ µÏÀ» µû¶ó Àִ Ĺ½ºÅ³ »ê¸ÆÀº ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«
Ç¥¸é¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â ¹Ù, ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ °¡Àå Å« ÁöÁúÇÐ ±â³äºñÀÇ ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù.
59:4.16 (679.9) 230,000,000³â Àü¿¡ ¹Ù´Ù´Â °è¼Ó ¹°·¯°¡°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ »ó´ç ºÎºÐÀÌ
¹° À§¿¡ ³ª¿Í ÀÖ¾ú°í, Å« È»ê Ȱµ¿ÀÌ ¼¼ÀÎÆ® ·Î·»½º Áö¿ª¿¡¼ »ý°å´Ù. ¸óÆ®¸®¿Ã¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ·Î¾â »êÀº ÀÌ È»êµé Áß
ÇϳªÀÇ Á¼Àº ºÎºÐÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â ÀüüÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°Àº ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¾ÆÆÈ¶óÄ¡¾Æ »ê¸Æ¿¡¼ Àß µå·¯³ª¸ç, °Å±â¿¡´Â
¼½ºÅ©Çϳª °ÀÌ ÀÌ ÀÕµû¸¥ ÁöÃþÀ» ³ëÃâÇÏ´Â °ñÂ¥±â¸¦ ÆÍ°í, ±× µÎ²²´Â 4000¹ÌÅͰ¡ ³Ñ¾ú´Ù.
59:4.17 (680.1) ´ë·úµéÀÇ À¶±â°¡ ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú°í, ´ë±â´Â »ê¼Ò·Î °ÈµÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¶¥Àº ۰¡ 30¹ÌÅÍ µÇ´Â
±¤´ëÇÑ °í»ç¸® ½£, ±×¸®°í ±× ½ÃÀýÀÇ Æ¯ÀÌÇÑ ³ª¹«µé, °ð °í¿äÇÑ ½£À¸·Î µ¤¿´´Ù. ¾Æ¹« ¼Ò¸®µµ, ÀÙÀÌ ¹Ù½º¶ô°Å¸®´Â
¼Ò¸®Á¶Â÷ µé¸®Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Âµ¥, ±×·± ³ª¹«µéÀº ÀÙÀÌ ¾ø¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
59:4.18 (680.2) ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀÇ ÁøÈ¿¡¼ °¡Àå ±ä ½Ã±âÀÇ Çϳª, ¹°°í±â ½Ã´ë°¡ Àú¹°¾ú´Ù. ¼¼°è
¿ª»ç¿¡¼ ÀÌ ±â°£Àº °ÅÀÇ 5õ¸¸ ³â µ¿¾È Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. À̶§´Â ³ÊÈñ ÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô µ¥º»±â·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
°¢ÁÖ[2] 59:4.6
°ÉÇÁÇØ : ¸ß½ÃÄÚ ¸¸À» ¾ð±ÞÇÑ´Ù.
¡ãTop |
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4.
The Great Land-Emergence Stage
The Vegetative Land-Life Period, The Age of Fishes
59:4.1 In the agelong struggle
between land and water, for long periods the sea has been comparatively
victorious, but times of land victory are just ahead. And the
continental drifts have not proceeded so far but that, at times,
practically all of the land of the world is connected by slender
isthmuses and narrow land bridges.
59:4.2 As the land emerges from the last Silurian inundation,
an import!ant period in world development and life evolution comes
to an end. It is the dawn of a new age on earth. The naked and
unattractive landscape of former times is becoming clothed with
luxuriant verdure, and the first magnificent forests will soon
appear.
59:4.3 The marine life of this age was very diverse due to the
early species segregation, but later on there was free commingling
and association of all these different types. The brachiopods
early reached their climax, being succeeded by the arthropods,
and barnacles made their first appearance. But the greatest event
of all was the sudden appearance of the fish family. This became
the age of fishes, that period of the world's history characterized
by the vertebrate type of animal.
59:4.4 270,000,000 years ago the continents were all above water.
In millions upon millions of years not so much land had been above
water at one time; it was one of the greatest land-emergence epochs
in all world history.
59:4.5 Five million years later the land areas of North and South
America, Europe, Africa, northern Asia, and Australia were briefly
inundated, in North America the submergence at one time or another
being almost complete; and the resulting limestone layers run
from 500 to 5,000 feet in thickness. These various Devonian seas
extended first in one direction and then in another so that the
immense arctic North American inland sea found an outlet to the
Pacific Ocean through northern California.
59:4.6 260,000,000 y ears ago, toward the end of this land-depression
epoch, North America was partially overspread by seas having simultaneous
connection with the Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, and Gulf waters.
The deposits of these later stages of the first Devonian flood
average about one thousand feet in thickness. The coral reefs
characterizing these times indicate that the inland seas were
clear and shallow. Such coral deposits are exposed in the banks
of the Ohio River near Louisville, Kentucky, and are about one
hundred feet thick, embracing more than two hundred varieties.
These coral formations extend through Canada and northern Europe
to the arctic regions.
59:4.7 Following these submergences, many of the shore lines were
considerably elevated so that the earlier deposits were covered
by mud or shale. There is also a red sandstone stratum which characterizes
one of the Devonian sedimentations, and this red layer extends
over much of the earth's surface, being found in North and South
America, Europe, Russia, China, Africa, and Australia. Such red
deposits are suggestive of arid or semiarid conditions, but the
climate of this epoch was still mild and even.
59:4.8 Throughout all of this period the land southeast of the
Cincinnati Island remained well above water. But very much of
western Europe, including the British Isles, was submerged. In
Wales, Germany, and other places in Europe the Devonian rocks
are 20,000 feet thick.
59:4.9 250,000,000 years ago witnessed the appearance of the fish
family, the vertebrates, one of the most import!ant steps in all
prehuman evolution.
59:4.10 The arthropods, or crustaceans, were the ancestors of
the first vertebrates. The forerunners of the fish family were
two modified arthropod ancestors; one had a long body connecting
a head and tail, while the other was a backboneless, jawless prefish.
But these preliminary types were quickly destroyed when the fishes,
the first vertebrates of the animal world, made their sudden appearance
from the north.
59:4.11 Many of the largest true fish belong to this age, some
of the teeth-bearing varieties being twenty-five to thirty feet
long; the present-day sharks are the survivors of these ancient
fishes. The lung and armored fishes reached their evolutionary
apex, and before this epoch had ended, fishes had adapted to both
fresh and salt waters.
59:4.12 Veritable bone beds of fish teeth and skeletons may be
found in the deposits laid down toward the close of this period,
and rich fossil beds are situated along the coast of California
since many sheltered bays of the Pacific Ocean extended into the
land of that region.
59:4.13 The earth was being rapidly overrun by the new orders
of land vegetation. Heretofore few plants grew on land except
about the water's edge. Now, and suddenly, the prolific fern family
appeared and quickly spread over the face of the rapidly rising
land in all parts of the world. Tree types, two feet thick and
forty feet high, soon developed; later on, leaves evolved, but
these early varieties had only rudimentary foliage. There were
many smaller plants, but their fossils are not found since they
were usually destroyed by the still earlier appearing bacteria.
59:4.14 As the land rose, North America became connected with
Europe by land bridges extending to Greenland. And today Greenland
holds the remains of these early land plants beneath its mantle
of ice.
59:4.15 240,000,000 years ago the land over parts of both Europe
and North and South America began to sink. This subsidence marked
the appearance of the last and least extensive of the Devonian
floods. The arctic seas again moved southward over much of North
America, the Atlantic inundated a large part of Europe and western
Asia, while the southern Pacific covered most of India. This inundation
was slow in appearing and equally slow in retreating. The Catskill
Mountains along the west bank of the Hudson River are one of the
largest geologic monuments of this epoch to be found on the surface
of North America.
59:4.16 230,000,000 years ago the seas were continuing their retreat.
Much of North America was above water, and great volcanic activity
occurred in the St. Lawrence region. Mount Royal, at Montreal,
is the eroded neck of one of these volcanoes. The deposits of
this entire epoch are well shown in the Appalachian Mountains
of North America where the Susquehanna River has cut a valley
exposing these successive layers, which attained a thickness of
over 13,000 feet.
59:4.17 The elevation of the continents proceeded, and the atmosphere
was becoming enriched with oxygen. The earth was overspread by
vast forests of ferns one hundred feet high and by the peculiar
trees of those days, silent forests; not a sound was heard, not
even the rustle of a leaf, for such trees had no leaves.
59:4.18 And thus drew to a close one of the longest periods of
marine-life evolution, the age of fishes. This period of the world's
history lasted almost fifty million years; it has become known
to your researchers as the Devonian.
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5.
Áö°¢ À̵¿ ´Ü°è
°í»ç¸® ½£ÀÇ ¼®Åº±â
°³±¸¸® ½Ã´ë
59:5.1 (680.3) ¾Õ¼± ±â°£¿¡ ¹°°í±âÀÇ
ÃâÇöÀº ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀÇ ÁøÈ¿¡¼ Á¤Á¡À» °¡¸®Å²´Ù. ÀÌ ½ÃÁ¡ºÎÅÍ Á×, À°Áö »ý¸íÀÇ ÁøÈ°¡ ´õ¿í Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ù
À°Áö µ¿¹°ÀÇ ÃâÇöÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© °ÅÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀûÀ¸·Î ¹«´ë°¡ ÁغñµÇ°í¼ ÀÌ ½Ã±â°¡ ½ÃÀ۵ȴÙ.
59:5.2 (680.4) 220,000,000³â Àü¿¡ ´ë·úÀÇ ¸¹Àº Áö¿ªÀº, ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇØ¼,
¹° À§¿¡ ³ª¿Í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¶¥Àº È·ÁÇÑ ½Ä¹°·Î µ¤¿´°í, À̶§´Â Á¤¸»·Î °í»ç¸® ½Ã´ë¿´´Ù. 2»êÈ Åº¼Ò°¡ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ´ë±â¿¡
ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, Á¤µµ°¡ ÁÙ¾îµé¾ú´Ù.
59:5.3 (680.5) ±× µÚ¿¡ ¾ó¸¶ ¾È µÇ¾î, ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Áß¾Ó ºÎºÐÀÌ ¹ü¶÷Çß°í, µÎ °³ÀÇ Å« ³»·úÀÇ
¹Ù´Ù¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ´ë¼¾ç°ú ÅÂÆò¾ç ÇØ¾ÈÀÇ °íÁöµéÀº ÇöÀçÀÇ ÇØ¾È¼±À» ¹Ù·Î ³Ñ¾î¼ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ ¹Ù´Ù´Â ´çÀå¿¡
ÇÕÃÄÁ³°í, ´Ù¸¥ »ý¸í ÇüŸ¦ ¼·Î ¼¯¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ÇØ¾ç µ¿¹°»ó(ÔÑÚªßÓ)ÀÇ ¿¬ÇÕÀº ±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀÌ
°¨¼ÒÇÏ´Â ½Ã±â°¡ ½ÃÀ۵ǰí Â÷ÈÄÀÇ À°Áö »ý¸í ±â°£ÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǵ °ÍÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇß´Ù.
59:5.4 (680.6) 210,000,000³â Àü¿¡ ¹°ÀÌ µûµíÇÑ ºÏ±ØÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í À¯·´ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ»
µ¤¾ú´Ù. ³²±ØÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù´Â ³² ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í ¿À½ºÆ®¶ö¸®¾Æ¸¦ ¹ü¶÷Çß°í, ÇÑÆí ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ´Â ¾îÁö°£È÷ ³ô¾ÆÁ³´Ù.
59:5.5 (680.7) ¹Ù´Ù°¡ °¡Àå ³ô¾ÆÁ³À» ¶§, »õ·Î¿î ÁøÈÀû ¹ßÀüÀÌ °©ÀÚ±â ÀϾ´Ù. µ¹¿¬È÷ ù À°Áö
µ¿¹°ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ¶¥ À§³ª ¹°¿¡¼ »ì ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ µ¿¹°ÀÇ ¼ö¸¹Àº Á¾ÀÚ°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °ø±â·Î ¼û½¬´Â ÀÌ ¾ç¼(Õ×ßø)
µ¿¹°Àº ÀýÁö µ¿¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ßÀüµÇ¾ú°í, À̰͵éÀÌ Çì¾öÄ¡´Â µ¥ ¾²ÀÌ´Â ºÎ·¹´Â ÇãÆÄ·Î ÁøÈÇß´Ù.
59:5.6 (680.8) ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ Â§¹°·ÎºÎÅÍ À°Áö ´ÞÆØÀÌ, Àü°¥¤ý°³±¸¸®°¡ ±â¾î ³ª¿Ô´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ °³±¸¸®´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ
¹° ¼Ó¿¡¼ ¾ËÀ» ³º°í, ±× »õ³¢´Â óÀ½¿¡ ÀÛÀº ¹°°í±â, °ð ¿ÃìÀ̷μ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ±â°£Àº ´ç¿¬È÷ °³±¸¸® ½Ã´ë¶ó
ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
59:5.7 (680.9) ±× µÚ¿¡ °ð, °ïÃæÀÌ Ã³À½À¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ°í, °Å¹Ì¤ýÀü°¥¤ý¹ÙÄû¹ú·¹¤ý±Í¶Ñ¶ó¹Ì¤ý¸Þ¶Ñ±â¿Í ÇÔ²²,
¼¼°èÀÇ ¿©·¯ ´ë·úÀ» °ð µÚµ¤¾ú´Ù. ÀáÀÚ¸®´Â °¡·Î°¡ 76¼¾Æ¼¹ÌÅÍ¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù. ¹ÙÄû¹ú·¹°¡ 1õ Á¾ÀÌ °³¹ßµÇ¾ú°í,
¾î¶² °ÍÀº ±æÀ̰¡ 10¼¾Æ¼¹ÌÅͱîÁö ÀÚ¶ú´Ù.
59:5.8 (680.10) µÎ Áý´ÜÀÇ ±ØÇÇ(оù«) µ¿¹°ÀÌ Æ¯º°È÷ Àß ¹ß´ÞµÇ¾ú°í, À̰͵éÀº ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀÌ ½Ã´ë¸¦
¾È³»Çϴ ȼ®ÀÌ´Ù. Á¶°³¸¦ ¸Ô°í »ç´Â Å« »ó¾îµéÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ »ó´çÈ÷ ÁøÈÇß°í, 5¹é¸¸ ³âÀÌ ³Ñµµ·Ï ´ë¾çÀ» Áö¹èÇß´Ù.
±âÈÄ´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ µûµíÇÏ°í ¿ÂÈÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÇØ¾ç »ý¸íÀº °ÅÀÇ º¯ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¹Î¹°°í±â°¡ ¹ß´ÞÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú°í, »ï¿±ÃæÀº
¸êÁ¾¿¡ ´Ù°¡°¡°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. »êÈ£´Â µå¹°¾ú°í, °¹³ª¸®°¡ »ó´ç·®ÀÇ ¼®È¸¼®À» ¸¸µé°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¼¼·ÃµÈ °ÇÃà¿ë ¼®È¸¼®ÀÇ
ÃþÀº ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ ½×¿´´Ù.
59:5.9 (681.1) ¸¹Àº ³»·ú ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ ¹°Àº ¼®È¸¿Í ±âŸ ±¤¹°À» ¸¹ÀÌ Ç°°í ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¸¹Àº ÇØ¾ç
Á¾ÀÚÀÇ Áøº¸¿Í ¹ß´ÞÀ» Å©°Ô ¹æÇØÇß´Ù. µ¹ÀÌ ³Î¸® ÅðÀûµÇ´Â °á°ú·Î¼, °á±¹ ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ¸¼¾ÆÁ³´Âµ¥, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µ¹Àº ¾î¶²
°÷¿¡¼ ¾Æ¿¬°ú ³³À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù.
59:5.10 (681.2) ÀÌ Ãʱ⠼®Åº ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°Àº µÎ²²°¡ 150¹ÌÅÍ¿¡¼ 600¹ÌÅͰ¡ µÇ¾ú°í, »ç¾Ï¤ýÀÌÆÇ¾Ï¤ý¼®È¸¼®À¸·Î
ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. °¡Àå ¿À·¡ µÈ ÁöÃþÀº, ¸¹Àº ÀÚ°¥°ú ºÐÁöÀÇ Ä§Àü¹°°ú ÇÔ²², À°Áö ¹× ÇØ¾ç µ¿¹°°ú ½Ä¹°ÀÇ È¼®À»
»êÃâÇÑ´Ù. ´õ ¿À·¡ µÈ ÀÌ ÁöÃþ¿¡´Â ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼®ÅºÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. À¯·´ Àü¿ª¿¡ °ÉÃļ ÀÌ ÅðÀû¹°Àº
ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ ½×ÀÎ °Í°ú ¹«Ã´ ºñ½ÁÇÏ´Ù.
59:5.11 (681.3) ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ ³¡ ¹«·Æ¿¡, ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¶¥ÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. À̰ÍÀº Àá½Ã ÁßÁöµÇ¾ú°í,
¹Ù´Ù°¡ µ¹¾Æ¿Í¼ ÀÌÀü ¹Ù´ÚÀÇ ¹Ý °¡·®À» µ¤¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¹ü¶÷Àº ª¾Ò°í, ¶¥ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº °ð, ¹° À§·Î ¾¦ ¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ú´Ù.
³² ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¸¦ °æÀ¯Çؼ À¯·´°ú ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú´Ù.
59:5.12 (681.4) ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â º¸ÁÖ¤ý½´¹Ù¸£Ã÷¹ßÆ®[3]¤ýÀ¯¶ö »ê¸ÆÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǵ °ÍÀ» º¸¾Ò´Ù. ¿À·¡ µÈ
´Ù¸¥ »ê¸ÆµéÀÇ ±×·çÅͱⰡ ¿µ±¹°ú À¯·´ Àü¿ª¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
59:5.13 (681.5) 200,000,000³â Àü¿¡ ¼®Åº±â(à´÷©Ñº)¿¡¼ Á¤¸»·Î Ȱ¹ßÇÑ ´Ü°è°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù.
ÀÌ ½Ã±âº¸´Ù ¾Õ¼ 2õ¸¸ ³â µ¿¾È, ´õ À̸¥ ¼®Åº ÅðÀû¹°ÀÌ ½×À̰í ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ÀÌÁ¦ ´õ ³Î¸® ¼®ÅºÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â
Ȱµ¿ÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¼®ÅºÀÌ ½×ÀÌ´Â ½Ã±âÀÇ ±æÀÌ´Â 2õ5¹é¸¸ ³âÀÌ Á¶±Ý ³Ñ¾ú´Ù.
59:5.14 (681.6) ÇØ¾ç ¹Ù´ÚÀÇ È°µ¿À¸·Î »ý±â´Â ÇØ¸éÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ ¶§¹®¿¡ À°Áö´Â Á¤±âÀûÀ¸·Î ¿Ã¶ó°¡°í ³»·Á°¡°í
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ²®ÁúÀÇ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤¡ª¶¥ÀÌ °¡¶ó¾É°í ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£´Â °Í¡ªÀº ÇØ¾È ´ËÁö´ë¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹«¼ºÇÑ ½Ä¹°°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿©, ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ
¼®Åº ÅðÀû¹°ÀÇ »ý»ê¿¡ ±â¿©Çß°í, ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â ¼®Åº±â·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±âÈÄ´Â Àü ¼¼°è¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ
¿ÂÈÇß´Ù.
59:5.15 (681.7) ¼®ÅºÃþÀº ÀÌÆÇ¾Ï¤ý¹ÙÀ§¤ý¿ª¾Ï°ú ¹ø°¥¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÁßºÎ¿Í µ¿ºÎ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ ¼®ÅºÃþÀº
µÎ²²°¡ 12¹ÌÅÍ¿¡¼ 15¹ÌÅͱîÁö ´Þ¶óÁø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ÅðÀû¹°ÀÇ ´Ù¼ö´Â ³ªÁß¿¡ ¶¥ÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁú ¶§ ¾Ä°Ü ³»·Á°¬´Ù.
ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í À¯·´ÀÇ ¾î¶² ºÎºÐ¿¡¼, ¼®ÅºÀ» ǰÀº ÁöÃþÀº µÎ²²°¡ 5,400¹ÌÅÍ µÈ´Ù.
59:5.16 (681.8) ÇöÀç ¼®ÅºÃþ ¹Ø¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Á¡Åä(ïÄ÷Ï)¿¡¼ ³ª¹«°¡ ÀÚ¶õ °Í°ú °°ÀÌ, ³ª¹« »Ñ¸®ÀÇ Á¸Àç´Â
¼®ÅºÀÌ Áö±Ý ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±×°÷¿¡¼ Çü¼ºµÇ¾úÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ¼®ÅºÀº ¾ÆµæÈ÷ ¸Õ ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¼ö··¿¡¼, ¶Ç ´Ë ÇØ¾È¿¡¼
ÀÚ¶ó´ø ¹«¼ºÇÑ ½Ä¹°ÀÌ ¹° ¼Ó¿¡ º¸Á¸µÇ°í, ¾Ð·ÂÀ¸·Î ¼öÁ¤µÈ ÀÜÀçÀÌ´Ù. ¼®ÅºÃþÀº ÈçÈ÷ °¡½º¿Í ±â¸§, µÎ °¡Áö¸¦
ǰ´Â´Ù. Åäź(÷Ï÷©) ÁöÃþÀº ¿¾³¯ÀÇ ½Ä¹° ¼ºÀåÀÇ ÀÜÀçÀ̸ç, Àû´çÇÑ ¾Ð·Â°ú ¿À» ¹ÞÀ¸¸é ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ¼®ÅºÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î°ï
ÇÑ´Ù. ¹«¿¬ÅºÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¼®Åºº¸´Ù ¾Ð·Â°ú ¿À» ´õ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.
59:5.17 (681.9) ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¿©·¯ ÁöÃþ ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼®ÅºÃþÀº ¶¥ÀÌ ¸î ¹øÀ̳ª ³»·Á°¡°í ¿Ã¶ó°¬´Â°¡¸¦
°¡¸®Å°¸ç, ±× ¼ö´Â Àϸ®³ëÀÌ ÁÖ¿¡¼ 10¹ø, Ææ½Ç¹Ù´Ï¾Æ ÁÖ¿¡¼ 20¹ø, ¾Ë¶ó¹Ù¸¶ ÁÖ¿¡¼ 35¹ø, Ä«³ª´Ù¿¡¼
75¹ø¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ´Ù¸£´Ù. ¹Î¹°°ú ¹Ù´å¹° ȼ®ÀÌ ¼®ÅºÃþ¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù.
59:5.18 (682.1) ÀÌ ½Ã±â¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ³»³», ³²ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ »ê¸ÆµéÀº Ȱµ¿ÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò°í, ¾Èµ¥½º¿Í ·ÏŰ
»ê¸Æ ³²ºÎÀÇ ¼±Á¶(à»ðÓ)°¡ ¿Ã¶ó°¬´Ù. ´ë¼¾ç°ú ÅÂÆò¾çÀÇ Å« ³ôÀº ÇØ¾È Áö¿ªÀÌ °¡¶ó¾É±â ½ÃÀÛÇß°í, °á±¹¿¡´Â ¾ÆÁÖ
ħ½ÄµÇ°í ¹°¿¡ Àá°Ü¼ µÎ ´ë¾çÀÇ ÇØ¾È¼±Àº ´ëü·Î ÇöÀç À§Ä¡·Î ¹°·¯³µ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹ü¶÷±âÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°Àº µÎ²²°¡ Æò±Õ ¾à
300¹ÌÅͰ¡ µÈ´Ù.
59:5.19 (682.2) 190,000,000³â Àü¿¡´Â ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¼®Åº±â ¹Ù´Ù°¡ ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ·ÏŰ »ê¸Æ
Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ¼ÂÊÀ¸·Î »¸´Â °ÍÀÌ º¸¿´°í, À̰Ϳ¡´Â Ä®¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ºÏºÎ¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ ÅÂÆò¾ç¿¡ À̸£´Â ¼ö·Î(â©ÖØ)°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
ÇØ¾È¼±ÀÌ °¥ÆÎÁúÆÎ ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ´ø ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ ÇØ¾ÈÀÇ ¶¥ÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£°í ³»·Á°¨¿¡ µû¶ó¼, µÎ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í À¯·´ Àü¿ª¿¡ °ÉÃļ,
¼®ÅºÀÌ ÇÑ Ãþ ÇÑ Ãþ, °è¼ÓÇØ¼ ½×¿´´Ù.
59:5.20 (682.3) 180,000,000³â Àü¿¡ ¼®Åº±âÀÇ ¸·ÀÌ ³»·È°í, ÀÌ ±â°£¿¡ ¼®ÅºÀº ¼¼°è Àü¿ª¿¡¼¡ªÀ¯·´¤ýÀ嵤ýÁß±¹,
ºÏ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«, µÎ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼¡ªÇü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¼®Åº Çü¼º ½Ã±â°¡ ¸·À» ³»¸± ¶§, ¹Ì½Ã½ÃÇÇ ° À¯¿ª µ¿ÂÊÀÇ ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«´Â
¼Ú¾Æ¿Ã¶ú°í, ÀÌ ±¸¿ªÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ±× µÚ·Î Á×, ¹Ù´Ù À§¿¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. À°Áö°¡ ¼Ú¾Æ¿À¸£´ø ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â ¾ÆÆÈ¶óÄ¡¾Æ
Áö¿ª¿¡¼, ¶Ç ¼ºÎ¿¡¼, ºÏ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Çö´ë »ê¸ÆµéÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵Ǵ °ÍÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ¾Ë¶ó½ºÄ«¿Í Ä®¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ¿¡¼, ±×¸®°í
À¯·´°ú ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ »ê¸ÆÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â Áö¿ª¿¡¼, È»êµéÀÌ È°¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. µ¿ºÎ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿Í ¼ À¯·´Àº ±×¸°·£µå ´ë·úÀ»
°ÅÃÄ ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú´Ù.
59:5.21 (682.4) À°Áö°¡ ¼Ú¾Æ³ °ÍÀº Àü±â(îñÑ¢)ÀÇ ÇØ¾ç¼º ±âÈĸ¦ ºñ·Î¼Ò ¼öÁ¤Çϰí, ±× ´ë½Å¿¡ ´ú
µûµíÇÏ°í ´õ º¯µ¿ÇÏ´Â ´ë·ú¼º ±âÈİ¡ ½ÃÀ۵ǵµ·Ï º¯È½ÃÄ×´Ù.
59:5.22 (682.5) ÀÌ ½ÃÀýÀÇ ½Ä¹°Àº Æ÷ÀÚ(øàí)¸¦ ǰ°í ÀÖ¾ú°í, ¹Ù¶÷Àº ÀÌ ¾¾µéÀ» ¸Ö¸®, ¶Ç ³Î¸®
ÆÛ¶ß¸± ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¼®Åº±â ³ª¹«µéÀÇ ÁÙ±â´Â º¸Åë ±× Áö¸§ÀÌ 2.1¹ÌÅÍ¿ä, ۰¡ ÈçÈ÷ 37.5¹ÌÅͰ¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Çö´ëÀÇ °í»ç¸®´Â ÂüÀ¸·Î ÀÌ Áö³ª°£ ½Ã´ëÀÇ À¯¹°ÀÌ´Ù.
59:5.23 (682.6) ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î, À̶§´Â ¹Î¹° À¯±âü°¡ ¼ºÀåÇÏ´Â ½Ã±â¿´°í, ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÇØ¾ç »ý¸í¿¡ °ÅÀÇ
º¯È°¡ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ±â°£ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ Æ¯Â¡Àº °³±¸¸®¿Í ±× »çÃ̵éÀÌ °©Àڱ⠳ªÅ¸³ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼®Åº
½Ã´ëÀÇ »ý¸íÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àº °í»ç¸®¿Í °³±¸¸®¿´´Ù.
°¢ÁÖ[3] 59:5.12 ½´¹Ù¸£Ã÷¹ßÆ® : Black
Forest (Schwarzwald), µ¶ÀÏ ³²¼ºÎÀÇ »ï¸² Áö´ë.
¡ãTop
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5. The Crustal-Shifting
Stage
The Fern-Forest Carboniferous Period
The Age of Frogs
59:5.1 The appearance of fish during the
preceding period marks the apex of marine-life evolution. From
this point onward the evolution of land life becomes increasingly
import!ant. And this period opens with the stage almost ideally
set for the appearance of the first land animals.
59:5.2 220,000,000 years ago many of the continental land areas,
including most of North America, were above water. The land
was overrun by luxurious vegetation; this was indeed the age
of ferns. Carbon dioxide was still present in the atmosphere
but in lessening degree.
59:5.3 Shortly thereafter the central portion of North America
was inundated, creating two great inland seas. Both the Atlantic
and Pacific coastal highlands were situated just beyond the
present shore lines. These two seas presently united, commingling
their different forms of life, and the union of these marine
fauna marked the beginning of the rapid and world-wide decline
in marine life and the opening of the subsequent land-life period.
59:5.4 210,000,000 years ago the warm-water arctic seas covered
most of North America and Europe. The south polar waters inundated
South America and Australia, while both Africa and Asia were
highly elevated.
59:5.5 When the seas were at their height, a new evolutionary
development suddenly occurred. Abruptly, the first of the land
animals appeared. There were numerous species of these animals
that were able to live on land or in water. These air-breathing
amphibians developed from the arthropods, whose swim bladders
had evolved into lungs.
59:5.6 From the briny waters of the seas there crawled out upon
the land snails, scorpions, and frogs. Today frogs still lay
their eggs in water, and their young first exist as little fishes,
tadpoles. This period could well be known as the age of frogs
59:5.7 Very soon thereafter the insects first appeared and,
together with spiders, scorpions, cockroaches, crickets, and
locusts, soon overspread the continents of the world. Dragon
flies measured thirty inches across. One thousand species of
cockroaches developed, and some grew to be four inches long.
59:5.8 Two groups of echinoderms became especially well developed,
and they are in reality the guide fossils of this epoch. The
large shell-feeding sharks were also highly evolved, and for
more than five million years they dominated the oceans. The
climate was still mild and equable; the marine life was little
changed. Fresh-water fish were developing and the trilobites
were nearing extinction. Corals were scarce, and much of the
limestone was being made by the crinoids. The finer building
limestones were laid down during this epoch.
59:5.9 The waters of many of the inland seas were so heavily
charged with lime and other minerals as greatly to interfere
with the progress and development of many marine species. Eventually
the seas cleared up as the result of an extensive stone deposit,
in some places containing zinc and lead.
59:5.10 The deposits of this early Carboniferous age are from
500 to 2,000 feet thick, consisting of sandstone, shale, and
limestone. The oldest strata yield the fossils of both land
and marine animals and plants, along with much gravel and basin
sediments. Little workable coal is found in these older strata.
These depositions throughout Europe are very similar to those
laid down over North America.
59:5.11 Toward the close of this epoch the land of North America
began to rise. There was a short interruption, and the sea returned
to cover about half of its previous beds. This was a short inundation,
and most of the land was soon well above water. South America
was still connected with Europe by way of Africa.
59:5.12 This epoch witnessed the beginning of the Vosges, Black
Forest, and Ural mountains. Stumps of other and older mountains
are to be found all over Great Britain and Europe.
59:5.13 200,000,000 years ago the really active stages of the
Carboniferous period began. For twenty million years prior to
this time the earlier coal deposits were being laid down, but
now the more extensive coal-formation activities were in process.
The length of the actual coal-deposition epoch was a little
over twenty-five million years.
59:5.14 The land was periodically going up and down due to the
shifting sea level occasioned by activities on the ocean bottoms.
This crustal uneasiness-the settling and rising of the land-in
connection with the prolific vegetation of the coastal swamps,
contributed to the production of extensive coal deposits, which
have caused this period to be known as the Carboniferous. And
the climate was still mild the world over.
59:5.15 The coal layers alternate with shale, stone, and conglomerate.
These coal beds over central and eastern United States vary
in thickness from forty to fifty feet. But many of these deposits
were washed away during subsequent land elevations. In some
parts of North America and Europe the coal-bearing strata are
18,000 feet in thickness.
59:5.16 The presence of roots of trees as they grew in the clay
underlying the present coal beds demonstrates that coal was
formed exactly where it is now found. Coal is the water-preserved
and pressure-modified remains of the rank vegetation growing
in the bogs and on the swamp shores of this faraway age. Coal
layers often hold both gas and oil. Peat beds, the remains of
past vegetable growth, would be converted into a type of coal
if subjected to proper pressure and heat. Anthracite has been
subjected to more pressure and heat than other coal.
59:5.17 In North America the layers of coal in the various beds,
which indicate the number of times the land fell and rose, vary
from ten in Illinois, twenty in Pennsylvania, thirty-five in
Alabama, to seventy-five in Canada. Both fresh- and salt-water
fossils are found in the coal beds.
59:5.18 Throughout this epoch the mountains of North and South
America were active, both the Andes and the southern ancestral
Rocky Mountains rising. The great Atlantic and Pacific high
coastal regions began to sink, eventually becoming so eroded
and submerged that the coast lines of both oceans withdrew to
approximately their present positions. The deposits of this
inundation average about one thousand feet in thickness.
59:5.19 190,000,000 years ago witnessed a westward extension
of the North American Carboniferous sea over the present Rocky
Mountain region, with an outlet to the Pacific Ocean through
northern California. Coal continued to be laid down throughout
the Americas and Europe, layer upon layer, as the coastlands
rose and fell during these ages of seashore oscillations.
59:5.20 180,000,000 years ago brought the close of the Carboniferous
period, during which coal had been formed all over the world¡ªin
Europe, India, China, North Africa, and the Americas. At the
close of the coal¡ªformation period North America east of the
Mississippi valley rose, and most of this section has ever since
remained above the sea. This land-elevation period marks the
beginning of the modern mountains of North America, both in
the Appalachian regions and in the west. Volcanoes were active
in Alaska and California and in the mountain-forming regions
of Europe and Asia. Eastern America and western Europe were
connected by the continent of Greenland.
59:5.21 Land elevation began to modify the marine climate of
the preceding ages and to substitute therefor the beginnings
of the less mild and more variable continental climate.
59:5.22 The plants of these times were spore bearing, and the
wind was able to spread them far and wide. The trunks of the
Carboniferous trees were commonly seven feet in diameter and
often one hundred and twenty-five feet high. The modern ferns
are truly relics of these bygone ages.
59:5.23 In general, these were the epochs of development for
fresh-water organisms; little change occurred in the previous
marine life. But the import!ant characteristic of this period
was the sudden appearance of the frogs and their many cousins.
The life features of the coal age were ferns and frogs.
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6.
±âÈÄ °úµµ±â ´Ü°è
¾¾¾Ñ ½Ä¹° ½Ã±â
»ý¹°ÇÐÀû ½Ã·Ã±â
59:6.1 (682.7) ÀÌ ±â°£Àº ÇØ¾ç
»ý¸í¿¡¼ ÁßÃß°¡ µÇ´Â ÁøÈÀû ¹ßÀüÀÌ ³¡³ª°í, ³ªÁß¿¡ À°Áö µ¿¹° ½Ã´ë·Î À̲ô´Â °úµµ±â°¡ ½ÃÀÛµÊÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇÑ´Ù.
59:6.2 (682.8) ÀÌ ½Ã´ë´Â
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6. The Climatic Transition
Stage
The Seed-Plant Period
The Age of Biologic Tribulation
59:6.1 This period marks the end of pivotal
evolutionary development in marine life and the opening of the
transition period leading to the subsequent ages of land animals.
59:6.2 This age was one of great life impoverishment. Thousands
of marine species perished, and life was hardly yet established
on land. This was a time of biologic tribulation, the age when
life nearly vanished from the face of the earth and from the
depths of the oceans. Toward the close of the long marine-life
era there were more than one hundred thousand species of living
things on earth. At the close of this period of transition less
than five hundred had survived.
59:6.3 The peculiarities of this new period were not due so
much to the cooling of the earth's crust or to the long absence
of volcanic action as to an unusual combination of commonplace
and pre¡ªexisting influences¡ªrestrictions of the seas and increasing
elevation of enormous land masses. The mild marine climate of
former times was disappearing, and the harsher continental type
of weather was fast developing.
59:6.4 170,000,000 years ago great evolutionary changes and
adjustments were taking place over the entire face of the earth.
Land was rising all over the world as the ocean beds were sinking.
Isolated mountain ridges appeared. The eastern part of North
America was high above the sea; the west was slowly rising.
The continents were covered by great and small salt lakes and
numerous inland seas which were connected with the oceans by
narrow straits. The strata of this transition period vary in
thickness from 1,000 to 7,000 feet.
59:6.5 The earth's crust folded extensively during these land
elevations. This was a time of continental emergence except
for the disappearance of certain land bridges, including the
continents which had so long connected South America with Africa
and North America with Europe.
59:6.6 Gradually the inland lakes and seas were drying up all
over the world. Isolated mountain and regional glaciers began
to appear, especially over the Southern Hemisphere, and in many
regions the glacial deposit of these local ice formations may
be found even among some of the upper and later coal deposits.
Two new climatic factors appeared-glaciation and aridity. Many
of the earth's higher regions had become arid and barren.
59:6.7 Throughout these times of climatic change, great variations
also occurred in the land plants. The seed plants first appeared,
and they afforded a better food supply for the subsequently
increased land-animal life. The insects underwent a radical
change. The resting stages evolved to meet the demands of suspended
animation during winter and drought.
59:6.8 Among the land animals the frogs reached their climax
in the preceding age and rapidly declined, but they survived
because they could long live even in the drying-up pools and
ponds of these far-distant and extremely trying times. During
this declining frog age, in Africa, the first step in the evolution
of the frog into the reptile occurred. And since the land masses
were still connected, this prereptilian creature, an air breather,
spread over all the world. By this time the atmosphere had been
so changed that it served admirably to support animal respiration.
It was soon after the arrival of these prereptilian frogs that
North America was temporarily isolated, cut off from Europe,
Asia, and South America.
59:6.9 The gradual cooling of the ocean waters contributed much
to the destruction of oceanic life. The marine animals of those
ages took temporary refuge in three favorable retreats: the
present Gulf of Mexico region, the Ganges Bay of India, and
the Sicilian Bay of the Mediterranean basin. And it was from
these three regions that the new marine species, born to adversity,
later went forth to replenish the seas.
59:6.10 160,000,000 years ago the land was largely covered with
vegetation adapted to support land-animal life, and the atmosphere
had become ideal for animal respiration. Thus ends the period
of marine-life curtailment and those testing times of biologic
adversity which eliminated all forms of life except such as
had survival value, and which were therefore entitled to function
as the ancestors of the more rapidly developing and highly differentiated
life of the ensuing ages of planetary evolution.
59:6.11 The ending of this period of biologic tribulation, known
to your students as the Permian, also marks the end of the long
Paleozoic era, which covers one quarter of the planetary history,
two hundred and fifty million years.
59:6.12 The vast oceanic nursery of life on Urantia has served
its purpose. During the long ages when the land was unsuited
to support life, before the atmosphere contained sufficient
oxygen to sustain the higher land animals, the sea mothered
and nurtured the early life of the realm. Now the biologic importance
of the sea progressively diminishes as the second stage of evolution
begins to unfold on the land.
59:6.13 [Presented by a Life Carrier of Nebadon, one of the
original corps assigned to Urantia.]
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